N-(2-クロロエチル)-2,6-ジニトロ-N-プロピル-4-(トリフルオロメチル)アニリン

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or public waters unless this product is specifically identified and addressed in an NPDES permit. ... Do not apply directly to water. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of wastes.

For several good reasons, all of the herbicides mentioned in this chapter /including fluchloralin/ should be handled and applied only with full attention to safety measures that minimize personal contact. Many formulations contain adjuvants (stabilizers, penetrants, surfactants) that may have significant irritating and toxic effects. A number of premixed formulations contain two or more active ingredients; the companion pesticides may be more toxic than the principal herbicide. Good hygienic practice should not be disregarded just because a pesticide is reported to have a high LD50 in laboratory rodents.

Equipment should be rinsed with a solution of detergent and water.

Keep out of lakes, streams, and ponds. Do not apply where runoff is likely to occur.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, age 6 days) oral 7000 mg/kg for 14 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 6 days) oral 13000 mg/kg for 14 days

LD50; Species: Apis mellifera (Honey bee, worker) topical >90.6 ug/bee for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, 1st instar larvae); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 42 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 560 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 300-900 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /technical material, 98% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FLUCHLORALIN (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(14)C-Fluchloralin was degraded in a loamy sand soil. Degradation products were identified by TLC and GLC and comparison with standard compounds whose structure was confirmed by IR and MS. Degradation products included the following compounds: N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline, 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenol, 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline, 1,2-diamino-6-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzene, 1,2,3-triamino-5-trifluoromethylbenzene, 2,6-dinitro-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-propyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline, 2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline. ... Some CO was formed and a part of the (l4)C was found in humic acids.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 150-550(2) indicate that fluchloralin is expected to have moderate to low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fluchloralin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure of 3X10-5 mm Hg(3) and water solubility of 0.9 mg/L(4). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure of this compound(3). Fluchloralin degraded 30.4% following application to dry thin layer soil plates and exposure to unfiltered solar radiation for 7 days in July(5). The half-life of fluchloralin in a clay loam (4% sand, 25% silt, 71% clay, 4.2% organic matter) was 52 days at a soil moisture corresponding to the field capacity, but was only 8 days when the soil was flooded(6), suggesting degradation occurs more rapidly under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The results of field and laboratory studies conducted over a 3-yr period found that delaying soil incorporation of herbicidal applications of fluchloralin caused important herbicide losses through volatilization and photodecomposition(1); avg losses for delayed incorporation for 1, 3 and 7 days were 11, 29, and 69% respectively(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 150-550(2) indicate that fluchloralin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure of 3X10-5 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 0.9 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 103 hours and 54 days, respectively. According to a classification scheme(6) an estimated BCF value of 733(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 5.07(7) and a regression derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Fluchloralin does not hydrolyze at environmental pH (pH 5-9)(9). Aqueous solutions of fluchloralin exposed to natural sunlight degraded 84 and 97%, after 13 and 48 days of exposure, respectively(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fluchloralin, which has a vapor pressure of 3X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(1) is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluchloralin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 25 hours(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 1.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(SRC), derived using a structure estimation method(3). Fluchloralin absorbs light greater than 290 nm and is susceptible to photolysis in the atmosphere based on its rate of photolysis in aqueous solution(4). Particulate-phase fluchloralin may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Bird: Low toxicity to wild fowl.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Effect of 120 days of continuous exposure of three sublethal concentrations (1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 fractions of 96 hr LC50) of Basalin on alkaline phosphatase (Alk P), acid phosphatase (Acid P), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the liver of Nemacheilus denisonii /freshwater fish/ were studied. Alk P, Acid P, LDH, and GPT activities were significantly inhibited, but GOT activities were not significantly altered. More inhibition was observed with the higher concentration, but Acid P, LDH, and GPT activities were significantly inhibited in all three sublethal concentrations.

/AQUATUC SPECIES/ Hazards to fish: High toxicity poses potential threat to fish populations. ... Potential problems with endangered species: USDI has made a jeopardy assessment, finding threats to slackwater darter and 11 freshwater mussels from use of fluchloralin on soybeans.

The adsorption of fluchloralin was studied in 10 different soils all consisting of varying amounts of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter(1). Soil adsorption (Kd) coefficients ranged from 1.4-17.1 with a mean value of 8.1(1). Koc values calculated from these soils ranged from 150-550(1,SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this range of Koc values suggest that fluchloralin has moderate to low mobility in soil(SRC).

... IS STRONGLY ADSORBED BY CLAY COLLOIDS & ORGANIC MATTER & THESE TWO CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCE THE NECESSARY HERBICIDAL RATE REQUIRED.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ May be mildly irritating. /Flurodinitrotoluidine/ herbicides do not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation or generate methemoglobin.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Cultured human lymphocytes were exposed to three different concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ug/mL) of fluchloralin for 24 and 48 hr to assess chromosomal aberrations. A significant dose-dependent increase of chromatid type aberration was observed in these cells. Multiple aberrations (MA) were scored at all concentrations after 48 hr treatment. To support these results ... /the/ micronucleus (MN) test /was performed/ using cytochalasin B to block cytokinesis. At lower concentrations (2.5 to 10.0 ug/mL) the frequency of MN induction was not significantly different. Higher concentrations of fluchloralin (20, 40 and 50 ug/mL) resulted in a significant dose dependent increase in number of micronucleated cells.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology indicates overdosing may produce /CNS depression/ and other general CNS involvement.

In an aerobic and discontinuous anaerobic study using sewage inoculum, fluchloralin yielded products in nonsterile sewage but not in sterile sewage which indicates a biological mechanism(1). Fluchloralin is reported to degrade much faster in aerobic loamy sand soil than in sterile soil(2). The field dissipation half-life of fluchloralin is reported to range from 60-75 days with a mean half-life of 67 days(3). The half-life of fluchloralin in a clay loam (4% sand, 25% silt, 71% clay, 4.2% organic matter) was 52 days at a soil moisture corresponding to the field capacity, but was only 8 days when the soil was flooded(4), suggesting degradation occurs more rapidly under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

In greenhouse studies using a silt loam and a clay loam soil, fluchloralin had a half-life of 3.3 to 5.1 months(1). In laboratory soil metabolism studies, fluchloralin metabolites were found to include a benzimidazole derivative, a quinoxaline derivative and various fluchloralin dealkylation derivatives(2). A field study in Arkansas found half-lives of 12.2-17.6 weeks(3); a laboratory study at 25 °C found half-lives of 8.4 weeks for moisture conditions at field capacity and 2.9 weeks under flooded conditions(4). At 4 °C, half-lives were 28.7 weeks (field capacity) and 19.5 weeks (flooded conditions)(3).

An estimated BCF value of 733 was calculated for fluchloralin(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 5.07(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

... MODERATE VOLATILIZATION OCCURS.

The Henry's Law constant for fluchloralin is estimated as 1.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 3X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(1), and water solubility, 0.9 mg/L at 20 °C(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that fluchloralin is expected to volatilize from moist soil and water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 103 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 54 days(SRC). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure(1).

Laboratory studies were conducted to measure 3-hr vapor losses of dinitroaniline herbicides from various soils(1); from Lakeland sand at 7% soil moisture, vapor losses of fluchloralin were about 1, 2 and 11% at respective temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C(1); from Lakeland sand at 15.3% soil moisture, vapor losses of fluchloralin were about 0.5, 2 and 8.5% at respective temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C(1); from Littleton silt loam and Hagerstown clay loam at 50 °C and 25% soil moisture, the respective vapor losses were about 2.5 and 5%(1). In another soil volatilization study, volatilization losses of fluchloralin ranged from about 8 to 30% at 25 °C under dry conditions, field capacity or flooded conditions(2); at 4 °C, losses ranged from about 1-4%(2).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Fluchloralin is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0189; Pesticide type: herbicide; Registration Standard Date: 06/30/85; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Fluchloralin; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."