フェナセチン

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Poisonous gases including nitrogen oxides are produced in fire. Use any extinguishing agent suitable for surrounding fire. If material of contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U187, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PHENACETIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PHENACETIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15 [mg/m3]

54 [mg/m3]

330 [mg/m3]

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Sodium 3-hydroxy-4-iodo-2-naphthoate and sodium 1-hydroxy-4-bromo-naphthoate inhibited phenacetin absorption in the rat intestine. The blood, brain and kidney levels of phenacetin decreased and the liver level increased in rats following simultaneous oral administration of phenacetin and either one. The blood levels of phenacetin in rabbits were decreased by both but were increased by sodium 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, sodium tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, and sodium tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate. All derivatives tested decreased the in vitro metabolism of phenacetin by rat or rabbit liver slices.

The transformation of acetophenetidin to n-acetyl-p-aminophenol was increased in the liver from rats treated with caffeine or antipyrine. The lung and intestine were also capable of metabolizing acetophenetidin to form this metabolite, and this pathway was increased by exposure to cigarette smoke. Following a test dose of acetophenetidin to human subjects, the plasma levels of acetophenetidin were lower in people who smoke cigarettes than in nonsmokers. Thus, in addition to the liver, the lung and intestine may have important roles in the metabolism of acetophenetidin.

The principal route of metabolism and the total absorption of phenacetin in humans were not affected by combined ingestion of 324.0 mg phenacetin with aspirin (453.6 mg), caffeine citrate (64.8 mg) and codeine phosphate (16.2 mg) in pills taken 3 times at 2-hour intervals. The proportion of the phenacetin dose metabolized to 2-hydroxyphenetidine was increased from 1.9 to 3.4% when the drug was ingested with aspirin, caffeine, and codeine.

/Phenacetin/ potentiates the effect of caffeine on the central nervous system.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for PHENACETIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 170(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.58(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that phenacetin is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phenacetin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.92X10-7 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 766 mg/L(4). Phenacetin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). A theoretical BOD of 8.4% in activated sludge and using the Japanese MITI test(5), suggests that biodegradation is not a fast environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 170(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.58(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that phenacetin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.92X10-7 mm(Hg(5), and water solubility, 766 mg/L(6). According to a classification scheme (7), a BCF of <30(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A theoretical BOD of 8.4% in activated sludge and using the Japanese MITI test(8), suggests that biodegradation is not a fast environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phenacetin, which has a vapor pressure of 6.92X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase phenacetin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.75X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase phenacetin may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Phenacetin does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

EXPERIMENTAL: Phenacetin was found in breast milk of nursing mothers 0.5 to 24 hours after ingestion of an analgesic containing this compound(1).

Phenacetin is excreted into breast milk, appearing along with its major metabolite, acetaminophen.

Phenacetin enters /breast/ milk in small quantities. /From table/

Phenacetin's analgesic effects are due to its actions on the sensory tracts of the spinal cord. In addition, phenacetin has a depressant action on the heart, where it acts as a negative inotrope. It is an antipyretic, acting on the brain to decrease the temperature set point. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (subacute type) and intercostal neuralgia.

Phenacetin was identified in leachate from a sanitary landfill in Barcelona, Spain(1). The compound has also been identified, not quantified (detection limit of 1.0 ug/L) in tire leachates following an experiment whereby tire plugs 10.25 cm in diameter where soaked in 16 L of Lake Mead, Nevada water for a period of 31 days(2).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The Koc of phenacetin is estimated as 170(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.58(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that phenacetin is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Group of 623 women known regularly to ingest phenacetin-containing analgesics were compared over 4-yr period with group of 621 controls. High intake of phenacetin analgesics was assoc with increased serum creatinine levels & low urine specific gravity ... . /Phenacetin analgesics/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Chronic ingestion of large doses of analgesics (e.g., 1 kg or more of phenacetin [no longer commercially available in the US] and/or salicylate over any period of time) has been associated with analgesic nephropathy which is characterized by papillary necrosis and subsequent chronic interstitial nephritis, with or without pyelonephritis. Analgesic nephropathy frequently has been associated with ingestion of large amounts of combinations of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine (combinations containing phenacetin no longer are commercially available in the US). Because phenacetin previously was a component of many analgesic drug mixtures, this drug has been implicated as the causative agent of renal damage. Many clinicians, however, believe that nephropathy may be caused by a combination of several analgesics rather than a single drug. Cancer of the renal pelvis has been reported in patients with analgesic nephropathy and in patients following chronic ingestion of phenacetin-containing analgesic mixtures. Splenomegaly has also been associated with abuse of phenacetin-containing mixtures.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Renal tubular necrosis ... may ... occur. Phenacetin may cause methemoglobinemia & hemolytic anemia as form of acute toxicity, but more commonly as a consequence of chronic overdosage. Lethal doses of phenacetin are ... associated ... with cyanosis, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrest.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The /hemolytic/ anemia /assoc with chronic ingestion/ is usually mild, with slight reticulocytosis, but may be progressive & severe in presence of uremia or other exacerbating factors. Splenomegaly has been reported. Methemoglobinemia, sulfhemoglobin formation, & heinz bodies are not consistently present ... .

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHENACETIN (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: phenacetin is included in digestive aid drug products; weight control drug products; internal analgesic drug products; and orally administered menstrual drug products..

U187; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when phenacetin, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

THERAP CAT: Analgesic, antipyretic /Former, US/

THERAP CAT (VET): Analgesic, antipyretic /Former, US/

As stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide in hair bleaching prepn. /Former, US/

MEDICATION (VET)

MEDICATION

Used principally as an analgesic.

(1976) 2.32X10+8 GRAMS

(1978) 2.82X10+8 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1984) 3.75X10+7 g

2022: 28,660 lb

(1976) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS.

(1978) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 9.08X10+5 GRAMS

Condensation of p-nitrophenol in a sodium hydroxide solution with ethyl bromide followed by reduction with sodium sulfide and acetylation with acetic anhydride.

Obtained by reacting p-nitrophenol with sodium hydroxide & ethyl sulfate, reducing nitrite to amine with iron & acid, & then acetylating by boiling with glacial acetic acid.

By interaction of para-phenetidin & glacial acetic acid, or of ethyl bromide & para-acetaminophenol. Method of purification: crystallization.

Preparation: ... Eaker, Campbell, US 2887513 (1959 to Monsanto).

Grades: Technical; USP, as phenacetin.

Apcabuff contains 2.5 g phenacetin per tablet.

Pharmex Flu capsules contain 2.5 g phenacetin per tablet.

Phencaset contains 150 mg phenacetin per tablet.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for PHENACETIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pharmaceuticals -> Animal Drugs -> Approved in Taiwan

Cosmetics -> Stabilizing

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Acetamide, N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-: ACTIVE

Gives pasty mass with phenol, chloral hydrate or pyrocatechol, strong acids or alkalies, salicylic acid, oxidizers, iodine, spirit nitrous ether.

... Use of phenacetin by itself has been restricted to prescription in some countries.

Phenacetin has been employed only in analgesic mixtures. In recent years, it has been removed from almost all such mixtures. In some instances acetaminophen has been included to replace it.

A non-prostaglandin synthase inhibitor. It was utilized extensively in a wide variety of analgesic mixtures, but its causal role in analgesic-abuse nephropathy led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431)