フェノトリン

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Use carbon dioxide, foam, or dry chemical /on fires involving pyrethroids/. /Pyrethrum/

Fire-fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Pyrethrum/

Some solvents in pyrethroid formulations are highly flammable. DO NOT USE WATER to extinguish fires. Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, or alcohol-resistant foam, sand, or earth. Cool nearby drums with water spray.

Ventilate well. Store in closed drum in cool, dry place.

Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide topical preparations should be stored in well-closed containers at a temperature less than 40 °C, preferably between 15-30 °C. /Pyrethrins/

Store technical material and formulations away from heat, in a locked, well-ventilated area, preferably without drains, designated for insecticide storage only. Keep out of reach of children, unauthorized personnel, and away from animals. Store away from food and animal feed.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

Spillage Keep spectators away from leaking or spilled product. Prohibit smoking and the use of naked flames in the immediate vicinity. Avoid exposure by wearing appropriate protective clothing and masks. Transfer any product remaining in damaged or leaking containers into a clean, empty drum, and label the drum. Absorb spillage and cover contaminated area with lime, damp sawdust, sand, or earth, and place in a secure container for safe disposal. Contain a large spillage by building a barrier of earth or sandbags. Prevent liquid from spreading to other cargo, vegetation, or waterways by containing it with the most readily available barrier material, e.g., earth or sand. Decontaminate empty, damaged, or leaking containers with a 10% sodium carbonate solution added at the rate of at least 1 L per 20-L drum. Puncture containers to prevent reuse.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

This pesticide is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Eliminations System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has notified in writing prior to discharge.

Incineration would be an effective disposal procedure where permitted. ... /Pyrethrin products/

Disposal: Waste that contains d-phenothrin should be burnt in an appropriate high-temperature incinerator with effluent scrubbing. If no incinerator is available, contaminated absorbents or surplus products should be decomposed by hydrolysis at pH 12 or above. Contact with a suitable hydrolyzing agent is required to ensure degradation of the active ingredient to a safe level. For emulsifiable material, use 5% sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) solution or saturated (7-10%) sodium carbonate (washing soda) solution. For non-emulsifiable material, use a 1:1 mixture (by volume) of caustic soda or washing soda (as above) and a water/oil soluble solvent such as denatured alcohol, monoethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, or isopropylalcohol. Cover the material with a hydrolyzing agent and let it stand for 7 days. Before disposal, the waste must be analyzed to ensure that the active ingredient has been degraded to a safe level. Never pour untreated waste or surplus products into public sewers or where there is any danger of run-off or seepage to streams, water-courses, open waterways, ditches, fields with drainage systems, or to the catchment areas of boreholes, wells, springs, or ponds.

Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning /and/ maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PHENOTHRIN (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Following oral exposure, the treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes monitoring for the development of hypersensitivity reactions with respiratory distress. Provide adequate airway management when needed. Gastric decontamination is usually not required unless the pyrethrin product is combined with a hydrocarbon. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. If the contamination occurs through dermal exposure, Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Vitamin E topical application is highly effective in relieving parenthesis. (L363)

Pyrethroid effects typically include rapid onset of aggressive behavior and increased sensitivity to external stimuli, followed by fine tremor, prostration with coarse whole body tremor, elevated body temperature, coma, and death. Paresthesia, severe corneal damage, hypotension and tachycardia, associated with anaphylaxis, can also occur following pyrethriod poisoning. (L857)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 14 days) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, age 11 days) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) diet >5000 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, age 22 wk) oral via capsule >2510 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PHENOTHRIN (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.2X10+5(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 6.01(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that phenothrin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phenothrin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant, of 6.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 1.43X10-7 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 9.7X10-3 mg/L(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Phenothrin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.43X10-7 mm Hg(2). Although environmental biodegradation data specific to phenothrin were not available, the pyrethroid class of insecticides is readily degraded by environmental microorganisms(4,5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.2X10+5(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 6.01(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that phenothrin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(2), based upon its vapor pressure, 1.43X10-7 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 9.7X10-3 mg/L(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 days and 81 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 120 years if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 230(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phenothrin, which has a vapor pressure of 1.43X10-7 mm Hg at 21 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase phenothrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.06X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). The half-life for the vapor-phase reaction of phenothrin with ozone has been estimated as about 38 minutes at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). Particulate-phase phenthrin may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Oxygen species are involved in the photodegradation of phenothrin on glass(5); suggesting that phenothrin may be susceptible to photodegradation by sunlight(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L857); oral (L857); dermal (L857) ; eye contact (L857).

Both type I and type II pyrethroids exert their effect by prolonging the open phase of the sodium channel gates when a nerve cell is excited. They appear to bind to the membrane lipid phase in the immediate vicinity of the sodium channel, thus modifying the channel kinetics. This blocks the closing of the sodium gates in the nerves, and thus prolongs the return of the membrane potential to its resting state. The repetitive (sensory, motor) neuronal discharge and a prolonged negative afterpotential produces effects quite similar to those produced by DDT, leading to hyperactivity of the nervous system which can result in paralysis and/or death. Other mechanisms of action of pyrethroids include antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, and actions on calcium ions. They also inhibit calium channels and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase. (T10, T18, L857)

/FIELD STUDIES/ Synthetic pyrethroids have been shown to be toxic for fish, aquatic arthropods, and honeybees in laboratory tests. But, in practical usage, no serious adverse effects have been noticed because of the low rates of application and lack of persistence in the environment. The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids in birds and domestic animals is low. /Pyrethroids/

Redness.

Following oral exposure, severe fine tremor, marked reflex hyperexcitability, sympathetic activation can occur. Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain commonly occur and develop following ingestion. Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal mucous membranes, and anaphylactoid reactions have been reported after inhalation. Hypersensitivity reactions characterized by pneumonitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, and bronchospasm may occur too . Dermatitis is the main effect of a dermal exposure to phenothrin. (T36)

The Agency has previously indentified and required the submission of generic (i.e., active ingredient-specific) data required to support reregistration of products containing the active ingredient phenothrin. The Agency has completed its review of these generic data, and has determined that the data are sufficient to support reregistration of all products containing phenothrin. Based on the data, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of phenothrin to make its decision on the reregistration process under FIFRA. The Agency has determined that products containing phenothrin will be eligible for reregistration provided that (i) required product specific data are submitted; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in ... /the Reregistration Eligibility Decision/ document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures. ... Based on its evaluation of phenothrin, the Agency has determined that products containing phenothrin, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement any of the label changes identified in ... /the Reregistration Eligibility Decisiion/ document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of phenothrin. If all changes outlined in this document are incorporated into the product labels, then all current risks of concern for phenothrin will be adequately mitigated for the purposes of this reregistration determination under FIFRA.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Phenothrin is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0426; Pesticide type: insecticide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Phenothrin; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Pyrethrins are insecticides used mainly in households; Also used to kill insects on pets and in grain storage bins and poultry pens. Dusts containing 0.3% to 0.5% pyrethrins are used on crops. [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For phenothrin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 069005) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Phenothrin is an insecticide used in commercial and industrial settings, in animal kennels (as a spray), medical institutions, and other institutional settings. Phenothrin is formulated for use in greenhouses, homes, and gardens, and in recreational areas. Additionally, phenothrin has public health uses, specifically its use for vector control for mosquitoes. It is formulated both for indoor and outdoor use for mosquito control.

Insecticide for stored grain, sanitary uses, insect control for industrial locations and outdoor use.

Used to control injurious and nuisance insects of public health.

3-Phenoxybenzyl alcohol + (1RS)-cis/trans-chrysanthemic acid (esterification)

Preparation of racemic mixture: N. Itaya et al., DE 1926433 corresponding to US 3666789 (1969, 1972 to Sumitomo).

Phenothrin is available as a ready-to-use (RTU) indoor spray and carpet powder, pressurized concentrate, emulsifiable concentrate, and is formulated for use in pet spot-on and stripe-on flea and tick treatments. Formulations for pet use often contain other active ingredients in addition to phenothrin. Phenothrin is also formulated for use with ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayers and indoor foggers.

Emulsifiable concentrate, aerosol, oil liquid, powder.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 069005; Trade Names: Forte, Phenothrin (26002-80-2), Phenoxythrin, S-2539, Sumithrin, Phenothrin, Fenothrin.

d-Phenothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Racemic phenothrin was invented in 1969. It is a mixture of four stereoisomers. d-Phenothrin is a mixture of the two isomers that have the highest activity and is the only technical product commercially available. The technical grade is 92.5-94.5% pure.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for PHENOTHRIN (201 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Information on 92 consumer products that contain Sumithrin in the following categories is provided:

Information on 7 consumer products that contain d-Phenothrin in the following categories is provided:

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Sumithrin (Phenothrin) as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: Insecticide.

Phenothrin is often formulated with piperonyl butoxide (or PBO), as a synergist which increases the effectiveness of phenothrin as an insect knockdown agent.

Phenothrin has strong activity against Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, and was highly effective against insects resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and carbamates.

Phenothrin applied to wheat stored for 52 wk had a half-life of 72 and 29 wk at 25 °C (12% moisture) and 35 °C (15% moisture).

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for PHENOTHRIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.