化工社化工社 化学情報印刷レポート · 研究参考用
ヨウ化カリウム
ヨウ化カリウム [一般有機合成用] · ヨードカリウム · カリウムヨージド · ヨードカリ · ヨウ化K · 0.1MOL/Lよう化カリウム溶液(N/10) · よう化カリウム(タブレット) · よう化カリウム(顆粒)
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 7681-11-0 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | IK |
| 平均分子量 | 166.0028 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 165.86817968 g/mol |
| SMILES | [I-].[K+] |
| InChIKey | NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 4875 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1141 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:8346 |
| EC No. | 231-659-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID7034836 |
| 現地名 | ヨウ化カリウム |
化学・物理的性質
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 1 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 2 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 2 |
| 物質分類 | Other Classes -> Halogens, Inorganic Compounds |
| Polymers | Plastics -> N.a.Plastics -> Other stabilisers |
| 化粧品 | Antimicrobial |
| pH | Aqueous solution in neutral or usually alkaline, pH 7-96.0-9.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | pseudobinary system |
| 農薬 | FungicidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved |
| 味 | STRONG BITTER SALINE |
| 食品添加物 | NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, TRACER -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 3.13 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink3.12 g/cu cm3.13 @25 °C1.7 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | Colorless or white, cubical crystals, white granules, or powderHEXAHEDRAL CRYSTALS, EITHER TRANSPARENT OR SOMEWHAT OPAQUE |
| 溶解度 | Slightly soluble in ethanol148 g/100 g water at 25 °C127.5 g sol in 100 cc water at 0 °C1.88 g sol in 100 cc alcohol at 25 °C1.31 g sol in 100 cc acetone at 25 °Csol in ether, ammonia1 gram dissolves in 0.7 mL water, 0.5 mL boiling water51 mL absolute ethanol22 mL alcohol8 mL methanol75 mL acetone2 mL glycerolabout 2.5 mL glycolH2O: 1M at20℃、透明、無色1.43kg/L |
| Human Drugs | FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredientAntifungal medicines |
| 融点 | 681 °C (lit.) |
| 沸点 | 184 °C(lit.) |
| 蒸気密度 | 9 (vs air) |
| 蒸気圧 | 0.31 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| 屈折率 | 1.677 |
| 引火点 | 1330°C |
| 貯蔵条件 | 2-8°C |
| 外観・状態 | 粒子（丸） |
| pKa（酸解離定数） | 0.06[at 20 ℃] |
| 比重 | 3.13 |
| 色 | 黄色 |
| Flame Color | Violet or light purple |
| 臭い | 無臭 |
| 由来生物 | rabbit |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(crystal): 0.32 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,7643 |
| 誘電率 | 5.1200000000000001 |
| BCS Class | 1 |
| 安定性 | 安定。光と湿気から保護してください。強力な還元剤、強酸、鋼、アルミニウム、アルカリ金属、真鍮、マグネシウム、亜鉛、カドミウム、銅、スズ、ニッケルおよびそれらの合金とは相容れない。 |
| 化粧品成分の機能 | 抗菌剤 |
| InChI | 1S/HI.K/h1H/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [K+].[I-] |
| LogP（分配係数） | -0.958 at 25℃ |
| CAS データベース | 7681-11-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Potassium iodide(7681-11-0) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Potassium iodide (7681-11-0) |
| Absorption | cut-off at 273nm in H2O at 1M |
化学的特性
Potassium iodide is a white crystals, granules, or powder; strong, bitter, saline taste. becomes yellowish when exposed to bright light due to photochemical decomposition liberating traces of free iodine. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, and glycerol. slightly soluble in ether and ammonia. It may be prepared bythe reaction of iodine with hot potassiumhydroxide solution followed by separation from the iodate (which isalso formed) by fractional crystallization. In solution it has the interestingproperty of dissolving iodine to formthe triiodide ion I3-, which is brown. Potassium iodide is widely used as ananalytical reagent, in photography,and also as an additive to table salt toprevent goitre and other disordersdue to iodine deficiency.
化学性质
融点723℃，沸点1330℃
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 13% (94 of 721) of reports.DangerH302 (16.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 721 reports by companies from 53 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: Potassium iodide (KI)Commission Regulation (EU) No 188/2011Potassium iodide (KI) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Potassium iodide (KI) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)05/751/EC, Reg. (EU) No 116/2014Status: Active Update: 20-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13207Potassium iodide: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Potassium iodide (KI): Environment tier I assessment |
| 健康有害性 | May irritate eyes or open cuts. (USCG, 1999) |
| 有害性の概要 | A skin and eye irritant[CAMEO] Emergency treatment: IodidesAfter ingestion, hypersensitivity reactions, e.g., angioedema and urticaria, may occurChronic ingestion may cause various skin diseases, goiter, hypothyroidism, and congenital thyroid effects[HSDB] May cause sensitization by skin contact[Quick CPC] See Iodine for the TLV of Iodides. |
| FDA 要件 | The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed over-the-counter drug products, incl potassium iodide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.Potassium iodide is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Potassium iodide used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in table salt as a source of dietary iodine in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for POTASSIUM IODIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 反応性グループ | Salts, Basic |
| Special Reports | FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchGuidance Document: Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation EmergenciesDecember 2001. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/4825fnl.htm as of March 12, 2006 |
| FIFRA 要件 | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Potassium Iodide is found on List C. Case No: 3080Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobialCase Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the RED document.Active ingredient (AI): potassium iodideAI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. |
| Reactivity Profile | Potassium iodide is a weak reducing agent, and may react with strong or weak oxidizing agents. |
| Air and Water Reactions | Water soluble. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Acute Tox. 4 (16.2%)Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B |
| 州飲料水ガイドライン | (ME) MAINE 340 ug/L /Iodide ion/ |
| 応急処置 | Flush all affected areas with water. (USCG, 1999) |
| 保管条件 | Store below 40 °C (104 °F), preferably between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container. |
| 処分方法 | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Allowable Tolerances | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine. |
| Threshold Limit Values (TLV) | 0.01 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor (iodides) |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 9.4 [mg/m3]100 [mg/m3]620 [mg/m3] |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Goggles or face shield. (USCG, 1999) |
| 相互作用 | Potassium iodide increased the toxic effect in selenium poisoning.Concurrent use of captopril, enalapril, or lisinopril with potassium iodide may result in hyperkalemiaserum potassium concentrations should be monitored , however usual doses of potassium iodide used for radiation protection (i.e. up to 130 mg) contain negligible amounts of potassium and should not constitute a problem with ACE inhibitors. |
| 有害作用 | Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.Adverse effects are unlikely when KI is used at low doses and for a short time (less than two weeks). The most common side effects are on the digestive system, predominantly gastrointestinal intolerance and its bitter (metallic) tastethus, the recommendation is to take it with juice or milk to protect against gastrointestinal irritation. However, significant side effects may occur when high doses are administered, especially for treating infectious skin disorders. |
| Milk Concentrations | Potassium iodide is distributed into /human/ breast milk ... |
| 毒性の概要 | If iodide-induced hypothyroidism is detected, these changes are reversible by discontinuing the administration of KI. A study of 7 patients with iodide-induced hypothyroidism showed serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations returned to normal within one month of iodide withdrawal. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Iodism (chronic iodine poisoning) may follow prolonged usesymptoms include metallic taste, sore mouth, swollen eyelids sneezing, skin eruptions, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and diarrhea. ... angioedema, laryngeal edema, and cutaneous hemorrhages may occur./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Serum-sickness type of hypersensitivity, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia, may appear. Thromobotic thrombocytopenic purpura and fatal periarteritis nodosa attributed to hypersensitivity to iodide ... described. /Iodide preparations//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In a small proportion of individuals given large doses of iodide for long periods ... thyroid gland shows hyperplasia & is depleted of stores of iodine. Thyroid hormone corrects hypothyroidism and causes goiter to subside ... /Iodide preparation//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hypersensitivity reactions to iodides may occur and may be manifested by angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, and signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia. Urticaria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and fatal periarteritis have also been attributed to iodide hypersensitivity. Hypocomplementemic vasculitis in some patients with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus has been associated with iodide sensitivity, and some clinicians caution that potassium iodide may precipitate severe systemic illness in such patients. Jodbasedow or iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may occur with low doses of iodides (i.e., less than 25 mg of iodine daily)this effect is uncommon in the US but more frequent in areas with endemic iodine deficiency.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM IODIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Testing of potassium iodide on rabbit eyes by injection of 3% solution into cornea has caused only slight reaction, graded 17 on a scale of 0-100. /KI solution//LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ In female minks fed a basal diet supplemented with either 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm KI, gestational periods were shorter than controls. Only 2.1 kits/female mated were whelped by mink fed 100 ppm KI and none of females that received 1000 ppm KI whelped./GENOTOXICITY/ Oral administration of KI to pregnant rats produced significant chromosomal aberrations in embryonic liver cells, especially during days 7-14 of pregnancy. |
| Environmental Water Concentrations | While data specific to potassium iodide were not located(SRC, 2006), the literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2). Studies have indicated that several polar pharmaceutically active compounds can leach through subsoils into aquifers(1). |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| Non-Human Toxicity Values | LD50 Rats iv 285 mg/kg (approx.) |
| F | 10 |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 1 |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | TT2975000 |
| 毒性 | Approx LD i.v. in rats: 285 mg/kg (Hildebrandt) |
| 税関コード | 28276000 |
| 危険文句（R） | 26 |
| 化審法 | (1)-439 届出不要化学物質 |
| 安衛法 | 57,57-2 |
| 危険表示 | Xn |
| 安全措置（S） | 22-36/38 |
| 危険等級 | STOT RE 1 Oral |
| 貯蔵分類 | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| 有害物質データ | 7681-11-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
ヨウ化カリウム，化学式KI。ヨードカリ，ヨウポツ(沃剝)と俗称される。天然には海水，かん(鹹)水などに含まれる。無色立方晶系結晶。塩化ナトリウム型構造，格子定数7.0655Å。比重3.13。融点680℃，沸点1330℃。気体におけるイオン対K＋―I－の原子間距離は3.0478Å。水100gに対する溶解度127.5g(0℃)，208g(100℃)。エチルアルコール，メチルアルコール，アセトン，グリセリンに溶け，エーテルには難溶。
用途
写真製版用、医薬原料
用途
医薬品、製剤原料。
用途
写真薬、有機合成原料、分析用試薬、オキシダント測定用、飼料添加物 (化学工業日報社)
用途
オキシダント測定用吸収液調製用。
用途
汎用試薬。
天然物の起源
Potassium iodide is found in seaweed. Some important applications of this compound involve its use in pharmaceuticals and as a source of iodine in food,especially in animal and poultry feed. Potassium iodide is added to table salt to provide iodine in human food.Another major use is in making photographic emulsions. In analytical chemistry, potassium iodide is used in iodometric titration with starch indicator to analyze dissolved oxygen, dissolved chlorine, sulfide, and other analytes in water.
使用
Potassium Iodide is a source of iodine and a nutrient and dietary supplement. it exists as crystals or powder and has a solubility of 1 g in 0.7 ml of water at 25°c. it is included in table salt for the preven- tion of goiter.Potassium Iodide is used primarily used in the treatment of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by iodine-131. It is also manufacture of photographic emulsions; in animal and poultry feeds to the extent of 10-30 parts per million; in table salt as a source of iodine and in some drinking water; also In animal chemistry. In medicine,potassium iodide is used to regulate the thyroid gland.
一般的な説明
Potassium iodide is an odorless white solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)
使用用途
ヨウ化カリウムは、各種ヨウ素化合物の原料や飼料添加物、ナイロン強化剤、写真乳剤、スマートフォンやパソコンの液晶用偏光フィルム、化学品の反応触媒など、幅広い用途にわたって用いられています。 医薬品分野では、抗真菌薬や去痰薬、ヨウ素補充薬などに使用される他、慢性関節炎・慢性リウマチ・神経痛・梅毒などの治療にも利用されることがあります。さらに、ヨウ化カリウムはオキシダント測定で使われるヨウ化カリウムデンプン紙という形で外部指示薬として、次亜塩素酸酸化還元滴定に用いられるなど、分析用試薬としても使用可能です。
製法・合成法
製造方法
Potassium iodide is made by absorption of iodine in potassium hydroxide:I2 + 6KOH → 5KI + KIO3 + 3H2OMost potassium iodate, KIO3 , is separated from the product mixture by crystallization and filtration. Remaining iodates are removed by evaporation of the solution and other processes, such as carbon reduction or thermal decompostion at 600oC to iodide:2KIO3 → 2KI + 3O2Another method of preparation that does not involve the formation of iodate is by treating iron turnings with iodine solution. The product, ferrosoferric iodide, Fe3I816H2O, is boiled with 15 wt% potassium carbonate solution: Fe3I8.16H2O + 4K2CO3 → 8 KI + 4CO2 + Fe3O4 + 16H2OA similar method is used to prepare potassium bromide, discussed earlier (see Potassium Bromide.)Potassium iodide can be prepared by reacting hydriodic acid with potassium bicarbonate:HI + KHCO3 → KI + CO2 + H2OIt is purified by melting in dry hydrogen.Potassium iodide also may be obtained by various electrolytic processes.
合成方法
ヨウ化水素酸と炭酸水素カリウムを水素気流中で反応させる
純化方法
Crystallise it from distilled water (0.5mL/g) by filtering the near-boiling solution and cooling. To minimise oxidation to iodine, the process can be carried out under N2 and the salt is dried under a vacuum over P2O5 at 70-100o. Before drying, the crystals can be washed with EtOH or with acetone followed by pet ether. It has also been recrystallised from water/ethanol. After 2 recrystallisations, ACS/USP grade had Li and Sb at <0.02 and <0.01 ppm respectively. [Lingane & Kolthoff Inorg Synth I 163 1939.]