Traseolide

Traseolide was tested for but not detected in 6 breast milk samples from Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, sampled in 1995(1). Traseolide median concentration was <23.0 ng/g lipid (max 12.6 ng/g lipid) in mother's milk from 101 women living in Uppsala County, Sweden; 77 samples were <2.0 ng/g lipid. Samples were collected from 1996-2003(2). Traseolide was present at a maximum concentration of 2.58 ug/kg fat in a sampling of 10 Danish human milk samples collected in 1999(3).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1-(2,3-Dihydro-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-inden-5-yl)ethanone is a synthetic polycyclic musk fragrance used in perfuming soap and cosmetics. HUMAN STUDIES: It was examined for genotoxicity in the micronucleus test with human lymphocytes in vitro in the presence and absence of metabolic activation and revealed no genotoxicity. ANIMAL STUDIES: It was negative when tested for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102 with and without metabolic activation.

The estimated median daily exposure doses of synthetic musks by adults and toddlers in households, and hairdressers is 9.81 and 33.1, and 107 ng/day, respectively. The estimated median daily exposure doses of synthetic musks by adults in dormitories is 5.61 ng/day(1). /Synthetic musks/

The occurrence of ten synthetic musks in samples of 10 widely consumed fish and shellfish species from Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) was determined. The most used nitro and polycyclic musks, as well as a well-known transformation product in tissues, were analyzed. Furthermore, the human health risks derived from the musk exposure through seafood consumption were characterized. None of the nitro musks were detected in any of the analyzed samples. In contrast, most of the polycyclic musks were found, being galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) present in all the samples. HHCB was the greatest contributor, with maximum levels in sardine and mackerel (367 and 304 ng g(-1) (d.w.) (dry weight), respectively). The highest exposure to individual musks was estimated for HHCB and HHCB-Lactone, with average values of 19.7 and 6.8 ng kg(-1)bw day(-1), respectively, in adults. A notably lower mean exposure was calculated for AHTN, cashmeran (DPMI) and traseolide (ATII), being ranged between 1.1 and 3.7 ng kg(-1)bw day(-1). The current concentrations of musks in fish and shellfish should not mean human health risks for the adult population living in Tarragona. However, a continuous monitoring would be desirable to assure that the exposure does not follow increasing temporal trends.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study demonstrates the effects of synthetic polycyclic musks such as Galaxolide (HHCB), Tonalide (AHTN), Traseolide (ATII), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI) and Cashmeran (DPMI), both on the early life stage and on gene expression in the livers of male medaka (Oryzias latipes). The toxicity ranking (the 96-hr median lethal concentration) of the chemicals tested on 24-hr-old medaka larvae descended in the order HHCB (0.95 mg/L)=ATII (0.95 mg/L)>AHTN (1.0 mg/L)>AHMI (1.2 mg/L)>ADBI (2.0 mg/L)>>DPMI (12 mg/L), indicating high acute toxicity of these compounds on the early life stages of medaka. ...

The typical effluent concentration into Lake Michigan for traseolide was 310 ng/L in the dissolved phase(1). Traseolide concentrations were <1 ng/L in sewage treatment plant effluents from Canada (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) and Sweden (Uppsala, Vastra, Gavleborg), sampled in Jan 2002 and Jun-Dec 2002, respectively(2). Traseolide was present in influent at concentration of <10 ng/L five of six UK sewage treatment works surveyed in late autumn and early winter 2001; one plant reported influent concentrations of 1700 and 2900 ng/L on 12/11/01 and 12/10/01, respectively(3). Traseolide was not detected in influent samples to a waste water treatment plant in Lubbock, TX. Samples collected from winter 2009 to winter 2010; detection limit = 4 ng/L(4).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of traseolide can be estimated to be 9800(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that traseolide is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Traseolide was present in the gas-phase in Milwaukee, WI air samples at a concentration of 0.17 ng/cu m, sampled in June, 2001(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Traseolide was present in the gas-phase over Lake Michigan at a concentration of 0.040 ng/cu m, sampled during June 1999 and May 2000(1).

/GENOTOXICITY/ The synthetic polycyclic musk fragrance compounds galaxolide (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyrane), tonalide (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamerthyltetraline), celestolide (4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindane), phantolide (6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane), cashmeran (6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4-(5H) indanone) and traseolide (5-acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-isopropylindane) were examined for their genotoxicity in the micronucleus test (MNT) with human lymphocytes in vitro in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolizing system containing rat liver S9 and the metabolically competent human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Compound concentrations were employed up to cytotoxic doses. Galaxolide, tonalide, celestolide, phantolide, cashmeran and traseolide revealed no genotoxicity in the micronucleus test with human lymphocytes and with the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2.

Traseolide was tested for but not detected in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Haihe River in North China, collected from Dec 29-30, 2008; detection limit = 1.0-1.2 ng/g(1). The compound was tested for but not detected in chub (Leuciscus cephalus), used as a bioindicator of contamination of the Vltava River, upstream and downstream from Prague, Czeck Republic. Sampling was conducted in June 2005; detection limit = 0.4 ug/g wet weight(2). Traseolide was detected at a concentration range of 1.3-2.1 ng/g lipid weight in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), alpine char (Salvelinus alpinus) and lake trout (S. Namayvush) from remote alpine lakes in the Grisons, Switzerland(3). Musk xylene (which includes traseolide), was present at an average concentration of 12.0, 0.72 and 0.44 ug/kg fresh weight in trout from 34 Danish fish farms sampled in 1992, 1999 and 2003, respectively(4). Traseolide was reported at concentrations ranging from <2.2 to 16 ug/kg lipid weight in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) from the Prachatice, Brohl and Pacov streams, Czech Republic. Fish were collected upstream and downstream from sewage treatment plants in 2009(4).

Traseolide in Norwegian marine fish samples collected in the vicinity of densely populated areas, collected May 1997-July 1999(1).[Table#8477]

Mean lipid concentrations of traseolide in fish from Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada. The compound was not detected in these same species sampled from the Detroit River and western Lake Erie. Sampling was conducted in spring 2002; limit of quantitation = 0.6 ug/kg wet weight(1).[Table#8478]

Six polycyclic musk compounds [Cashmeran (DPMI), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI), Traseolide (ATII), Tonalide (AHTN), and Galaxolide (HHCB)] were analysed in marine green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) from Hong Kong. ADBI, HHCB and AHTN were detected in almost all samples, while AHMI, ATII and DPMI were not detected. Concentrations of ADBI, HHCB and AHTN in mussels ranged from below detection limit-0.0743 (mean: 0.0246), 0.247-6.08 (mean: 1.15) and 0.0591-0.738 (mean: 0.190)mg/kg lipid weight, respectively. Mussels from two sampling sites in central Victoria Harbour contained the highest total polycyclic musk levels, suggesting that these waters are influenced heavily by domestic sewage. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN detected in the mussel samples were the second highest and the highest levels, respectively, compared to global concentrations. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that HHCB and AHTN in mussels pose little or no threat to the health of shellfish consumers. Nevertheless, more comprehensive studies are required to further assess the ecological and human health risks associated with polycyclic musks.