トキサフェン

Move container from fire area if this can be done without risk. Fight fire from a maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. NO water. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Camphechlor Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to camphechlor may be severe and include headache, dizziness, agitation, nervousness, tremor, seizures, and coma. Convulsive episodes may alternate with periods of severe central nervous system depression. Hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common. Hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart beating) and sudden exertional dyspnea (labored breathing) may be noted. Respiratory depression may lead to respiratory arrest. Contact with the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes may result in redness and irritation. Victims often have an elevated temperature.

(General first aid procedures)

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

If material is involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.

Wear a self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /when fighting a fire/.

/Use/ foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. /Soln/

... /STORE IN/ SEALED CONTAINERS IN WELL-VENTILATED AREA.

Toxaphene & emulsion concentrates of it must be kept from contact with iron or corrosive metals & lining of metal tanks & use of non-corrosive piping is required in formulating plants. Packaging materials include those normally used in the industry although containers for emulsifiable concentrates must be lined. Relatively stable chemical when stored in glass, polyolefin or polyoleofin-lined metal containers at ambient temperature.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACTIVATED CARBON IS RECOMMENDED FOR MIXTURES INCLUDING TOXAPHENE. POLYOLEFIN OR POLYISOBUTYLENE FIBERS, OR AMBERLITE XAD RESIN ARE ALSO RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN THE CLEANUP OF TOXAPHENE.

Environmental considerations--land spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations--water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom /SRP: until properly disposed/. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. In case of land spill, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain the liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or firefighting water. In case of water spill, if camphechlor is dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. (EPA, 1998)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P123 and D015, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

BY DISSOLVING CHLORINATED CAMPHENE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AFTERBURNER & SCRUBBER (ALKALI).

Toxaphene (20% toxaphene dust, 80% inert ingredients) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 670-1030 °C with residence times of 2.4-8.3 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%. /Data from table/

Toxaphene (60% emulsifiable concentrate) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 620-1040 °C with a residence time of 2.2-6.7 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TOXAPHENE /LEVEL/ IN HUMAN MILK HAS BEEN INSIGNIFICANT.

The concn of toxaphene in Finnish human adipose tissues was estimated to be on the level of 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, based on concns of toxaphene in Finnish human milk (at concns of 1 to 10 ppb). However, this estimate was strongly dependent on diet(1). Although toxaphene was used extensively during the 1960's in Alberta, Canada, analyses of human tissue from 50 autopsies at the University Hospital in Edmonton from 1967-68 did not reveal toxaphene(n=217)(1). These negative results could be due to a lack of selectivity and sensitivity of the method used for the analysis(1).

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Hepatic

[in animals: liver cancer]

PREEXPOSURE OF RATS TO TOXAPHENE AT DIETARY LEVEL OF 100 PPM FOR 8 DAYS LED TO REDN IN METABOLISM OF (14)C-IMIPRAMINE, IN PRODUCTION OF BILE, & IN BILIARY EXCRETION OF BOTH ENDOGENOUS & EXOGENOUS METABOLITES OF IMIPRAMINE.

... PRIOR ADMIN OF THIAMINE INCR THE TOXICITY OF CAMPHECHLOR.

THE EFFECTS OF TOXAPHENE ON PYRETHROID RESIDUES ON COTTON FOLIAGE WERE DETERMINED. FENVALERATE RESIDUES WERE INCREASED ABOUT 2-FOLD DUE TO ENHANCED PERSISTENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF TOXAPHENE. PERMETHRIN RESIDUES WERE REDUCED BY TOXAPHENE. TOXAPHENE SYNERGIZED FENVALERATE & PERMETHRIN 2-FOLD IN SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA; SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS WAS INCREASED 1.5-FOLD TO BOTH PYRETHROIDS.

A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN BENZO(A)PYRENE INDUCED LUNG TUMORS WAS FOUND AFTER DIETARY ADMIN OF 100 PPM TOXAPHENE FOR 12 WK OR 200 PPM FOR 20 WK IN MICE.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

central nervous system, skin

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARDS) ORAL 70.7 MG/KG, 3-5 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 37.6-133 MG/KG) /PURITY 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/

LD50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (PHEASANTS) ORAL 40.0 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 20.0-80.0 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/

LD50 COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) ORAL 85.5 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 59.2-123 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/

LD50 TYMPANUCHUS PHASIANELLUS (SHARP-TAILED GROUSE) ORAL 19.9 MG/KG, 12-48 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 14.1-28.2 MG/KG) /PURITY 90% & 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: THE STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT & DISTRIBUTION OF TOXAPHENE IN ANAEROBIC SALINE MARSH SOILS ALLOWED 4 CONCLUSIONS. TOXAPHENE ACCUMULATION IN SALINE MARSH SOILS WAS ONLY AT A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL WHERE SUBSTRATES WERE FREQUENTLY SUBJECTED TO TIDAL FLOODING BY CONTAMINATED WATER. AS THE DEPTH OF THE SOIL INCR, THE CONCN OF TOXAPHENE CONTAMINANT DECREASED. ORGANISMS LIVING IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE SOIL MAY BE SUBJECTED TO VARYING CONCENTRATIONS AS 50-FOLD RANGE. TOXAPHENE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN MARSH SOILS ARE FUNCTIONS OF BASIPETAL & ACROPETAL PLANT TRANSLOCATION, AS WELL AS LEACHING, DEGRADATION & PESTICIDE CONCN AT TIME OF DEPOSITION.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: ... THE PERSISTENCE OF TOXAPHENE IN SOIL IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALDRIN, DIELDRIN, DILAN, OR CHLORDANE. /INVESTIGATORS/ ... FOUND ... /45%/ IN SOIL 20 YR AFTER (SOIL) TREATMENT ... APPROX 22% OF TOXAPHENE WAS RECOVERED 10 YR AFTER APPLICATION ... TO SOIL; 90-95% OF TOXAPHENE ... RESIDUES WERE IN 30 CM LAYER. ... HALF-LIFE ... IN SOIL ... 10 YR ...

AQUATIC FATE: THREE NONPOINT SOURCE RUNOFF MODELS WERE TESTED AND COMPARED FOR THEIR ABILITIES TO PREDICT MOVEMENT OF TOXAPHENE FROM 15.6-HA WATERSHED IN MISSISSIPPI DELTA (USA) REGION AND A SMALLER WATERSHED IN SOUTHERN PIEDMONT. TESTING EXCERCISES INDICATED THAT ALL THREE MODELS ACCURATELY REPRODUCED FIELD DATA.

AQUATIC FATE: Seasonal variation in the degradation of pesticides, reflecting the changes in both biotic and abiotic factors, has ... been reported. Degradation of toxaphene was high during the summer temperatures, and it remained negligible during the freezing, winter conditions in Midway Lake, Saskatchewan.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

During a 5 study conducted from Oct 1981 to Sept 1986, 19,851 food samples were analyzed for a wide variety of pesticide residues. Toxaphene was detected in 14 food samples at an average concn level of 0.5 ppm (max 2 ppm)(1). Toxaphene was mostly detected in tomatoes at 0.1 ppm, in carrots, fresh bell peppers, potatoes, and cherry tomatoes at 0.5 ppm; in tomatillos at 1 ppm; in jalapeno peppers from 1 to 2 ppm; and in parsley at 2 ppm(1). Toxaphene was reported to be present in the total diet study conducted by the FDA in which they analyzed 14,492 samples of domestically produced and imported food from 79 countries. Toxaphene was not detected in more than 50% of the samples and when it was detected it was usually below tolerance levels(1). Less than 1% exceeded regulatory limits.

The average daily intake of toxaphene in the USA from 1971-76 was 0.003 ug/kg body weight/day(1). The percentage of composite samples testing positive for toxaphene and the daily intake in ug/kg body weight for each year was: 1971 - 0.3% (trace), 1972 - 0.2% (0.02), 1973 - not detected, 1974 - 0.8% (0.5), 1975 - 0.4% (0.5), 1976 - 0.4% (trace)(1); red meat - domestic 15200 samples, 0.2% pos, 0.007 ppm avg; poultry 11340 samples, 0.1% pos, 0 .005 ppm avg; leaf and stem vegetables - domestic 5319, 11.2% pos, 0.421 ppm avg; vine and ear vegetables - domestic 2954 samples, 2.2% pos, 0.012 ppm avg, imported 4117 samples, 1.3% pos, 0.004 ppm avg; beans - domestic 499 samples, 1.4% pos, 0.036 ppm avg, imported 365 samples, 1.3% pos, 0.007 ppm avg; root vegetables - domestic 3248 samples, 3.2% pos, 0.012 ppm avg; grains - domestic 947 samples, 2.6% pos, 0.025 ppm avg; processed vegetables - domestic 631 samples, 0.5% pos, 0.001 ppm avg; nuts - domestic 174 samples, 22.4% pos, 0.219 ppm avg; peanuts 148 samples, 31.1% pos, 0.587 ppm avg, max 3.78 ppm; soybeans 104 samples, 8.7% pos, 0.03 ppm avg, max 1.0 ppm(1). The percentage of composite samples testing positive for toxaphene and the daily intake in ug/kg body weight from 1963-69 was: 1964-65 - not detected, 1965-66 - 1.0% (2.0), 1966-67 - not detected, 1967-68 - 1.1% (2.0), 1968-69 - 3.6% (4.0)(2). In an adult total diet study conducted in the USA from Aug 1976-Sept 1977 of 300 composite food samples: 3.3% pos at 0.026-0.597 ppm(3); Oct 1977-Sept 1978, 240 food composites, 1.7% pos, 0.173-0.469 ppm(4). Canada, total diet, 1976-78, avg dietary intake-0.012 ug/kg body weight(5).

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L107) ; inhalation (L107)

D015; A solid waste containing toxaphene may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

P123; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when toxaphene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Toxaphene is found on List B. Case No: 2685; Pesticide type: insecticide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): technical chlorinated camphene; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Toxaphene is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Camphechlor is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500/10,000 lbs.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.

Toxaphene is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.03 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 0.3 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 0.3 ug/l

The principal use of toxaphene in the past was for pest control on cotton crops. It was also used to control pests in livestock and poultry, and on other field crops.

Formerly used as an insecticide and as a miticide; [HSDB]

All U.S. registrations cancelled; [EPA Pesticides, p. 56]

For Toxaphene (USEPA/OPP PC Code: 080501) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S./

/SRP:/ Approved uses of pesticides are established by the US EPA and may change periodically. Local and state authorities should be consulted for currently approved uses. The following web site also addresses current uses of pesticides approved by the US EPA and by the state of California: <http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm>.

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

(1977) 1.81X10+10 G

Toxaphene is no longer produced in the United States. The total estimated amount of toxaphene produced from 1964 to 1982 by the U.S. is 233,688 metric tons.

INSECTICIDE FOR COTTON, 50%; VEGETABLES, 17%; LIVESTOCK & POULTRY, 17%; SOYBEANS, 12%; ALFALFA, 2%; WHEAT, 2%; SORGHUM, 1% (1982)

(1982) 5.45X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

The use of toxaphene in U.S. Agriculture has been recorded from 1966 to 1989. Records indicate that toxaphene use in 1966, 1971, 1976, 1982, and 1989 was 34,605,000, 37,464,000, 34,178,000, 6,596,000 and 0 lbs active ingredient/yr, respectively.

Cumulative world use of toxaphene during the period 1946 to 1974 exceeded 409,000 metric tons. It is estimated that the amount of toxaphene that was applied to cotton was 80-90% of all toxaphene consumption.

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... produced by chlorination of camphene ...

Toxaphene was produced in the U.S. primarily by four major companies: Hercules, Inc., at Brunswick, Georgia; Tenneco Chemical, Inc., at Ford, New Jersey; Riverside Chemical Company at Groves, Texas; and Vicksburg Chemical Company at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 175 C10 polychloro-derivatives, having an approx overall empirical formula of C10H10Cl8. Produced by chlorination of camphene to 67-69% chlorine by wt and made up of compounds of C10H8Cl10, C10H18-nCln (mostly polychlorobornanes) and C10H16-nCln (polychlorobornenes and/or polychlorotricyclenes) with n= 6 to 9.

The most active ingredients in technical toxaphene are 2,2,5-endo-6-exo-8,9,10-heptachlorobornane ... and 2,2,5-endo-6-exo-8,9,9,10-octachlorobornane ... Each constitues about 2-6% of the technical mixture.

Its standard commercial formulation is a dust containing 20% toxaphene. Emulsifiable concentrates contain up to 8 lb/gallon; oil solutions are 90% toxaphene, and wettable powders are 40% toxaphene.

Formulation types: Emulsifiable concentrate; dustable powder; wettable powder. Mixed formulation: (camphechlor +)lindane.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical Classes -> Pesticides (chemicals used for killing pests, such as rodents, insects, or plants)

Food Contaminant -> CONTAMINANT; Food Contaminant -> -> JECFA Functional Classes

INSECTICIDES

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Toxaphene as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide. The international trade of ... Toxaphene ... is regulated by the Rotterdam convention on Prior Informed Consent (see http://www.pic.int/), which entered force on 24 February 2004. According to the PIC Convention, export of /Toxaphene/ can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing Party. ...(further information can be found at: http://www.pic.int/). The use and production of ... Toxaphene ... is prohibited or severely restricted by the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, which entered force on 17 May 2004. See http://www.pops.int/.

Toxaphene can still be used on corn, cotton and small grain for specific insect infestation (emergency use only); pineapples and bananas for specific insects in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands only; and scabies treatment of cattle and sheep.

Incompatible with alkaline preparations.

Not recommended for use in dairy barns or on milking animals.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.