ゼオライト(繊維状)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Erionite (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Erionite (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that belongs to a group of minerals called zeolites. Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilixates of the alkaline and alkaline-earth metals; erionite is one of the more common of 40 natural types identified. Erionite occurs in many types of rocks and in many geologic settings; however, it rarely occurs in pure form and is normally associated with other zeolite minerals(1).

/CASE REPORTS/ ... /The/ case of a patient with erionite-associated pleural mesothelioma with classic pathologic changes typical of asbestos-related pulmonary and pleural pathology /is reported/. This case report indicates that in addition to Turkey, erionite-associated disease can occur in North America and that subjects with erionite exposure are not only at risk of developing mesothelioma, but may develop interstitial fibrosis and additional pulmonary pathology impacting lung function and patient survival.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... A female Turkish migrant exposed to urban pollution in her home country ... decades later suffered from pleural plaques with a nonspecific chronic inflammatory disease. The differential diagnosis of inflammatory pleural plaques was assumed radiologically and confirmed by video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy. ... A growing incidence of this type of disease in migrants from high risk areas must be reckoned with in Germany, even without exposure to asbestos.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... Thirteen cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) from the Cappadocian /Turkey/ area, where the soil is rich in erionite, and 29 cases of MPM, from villages whose occupants have high asbestos exposure, were examined by CT. The CT findings of the two groups of MPM were compared with respect to the configuration of the pleural lesions, stage of disease, fissural involvement, pleural effusion, presence of calcified pleural plaques, and chronic fibrosing pleuritis. In erionite-related MPM the pleural lesions were flat and smooth in 69.1%; in asbestos-related MPM the lesions were nodular in 55.1%. Stage IV disease, calcified pleural plaques, and chronic fibrosing pleuritis were more common in the erionite-related MPM. The rest of the findings were similar in both groups. The early radiological diagnosis of erionite-related MPM may be even more difficult because of the similarity of the pleural lesions to chronic fibrosing pleuritis.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Descriptive studies have demonstrated very high mortality from malignant mesothelioma, mainly of the pleura, in three Turkish villages where there was contamination from erionite and where exposure was from birth. Erionite fibers were identified in lung tissue samples in cases of pleural mesothelioma; ferruginous bodies were found in a much higher proportion of inhabitants in contaminated villages than in those of two control villages.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Erionite (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Erionite

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume 42: (1987) Silica and Some Silicates

2012

2009

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Erionite from various natural sources was tested for carcinogenicity in rats by inhalation and by intrapleural administration, and in mice by intraperitoneal injection, producing high incidences of mesotheliomas by all routes of administration.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Rats exposed to erionite by inhalation or injection (intrapleural or intraperitoneal) and mice exposed by intraperitoneal injection had high incidences of mesotheliomas.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ This study sought to assess the fibrogenic and carcinogenic potential of erionite (a fibrous zeolite) on the pleural mesothelium of the Fischer 344 rat (n = 24). The study was designed to examine rat pleural mesothelial changes by three independent observers at timed intervals, ranging from 1 to 480 days postinoculation using erionite from the Pine Valley, Nevada (USA) area. The mean length and width of the erionite fibers were 2.29 and 0.48 microns, respectively. Only microscopic observations made by majority (2/3) or unanimity (3/3) were accepted for final diagnosis. Pleural and lung tissue were available for examination in 21 of the 24 rats. Fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and foreign body reaction occurred in 6 of 21 rats. Mesothelial hyperplasia and dysplasia occurred in 9 and 3 of the 21 rats, respectively. A single mesothelioma was identified at 434 days in a rat that had gross nodular pleural lesions. The findings reported herein confirm the strong fibrogenic potential of erionite but are at variance with previous studies reporting much higher yields of mesothelioma...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The intraperitoneal test in rats has proven to be an appropriate method controlling fibrogenicity and carcinogenicity of asbestos fibers and other fibrous dusts. ... The reaction patterns of mesothelial cover layer to different natural mineral fibres (crocidolite, chrysotile, actinolite, erionite, wollastonite) and man-made mineral and synthetic fibers (glass fibers 104/475, polypropylene, aramide fibers) /were analyzed/. The injection of doses between 0.01 and 100 mg dust suspended in saline solution led to a continued repairing proliferation of submesothelial connective tissue cells and focal submesothelial fibrosis. These changes were never observed after application of granular dusts as mine dust and quartz. After 15 to 28 months ... an association of fibrosis and local reactive hyperplasia of partly atypical proliferation of rat omentum mesothelium /was often found/. These changes were also demonstrated in cases without macroscopically visible tumors. In later stages the underlying fibrosis was often infiltrated and dissolved by mesotheliomas.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Erionite (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Genetic epidemiology maps /were constructed/ to test whether some villagers /exposed to erionite/ were genetically predisposed to mesothelioma. Analysis of a six-generation extended pedigree of 526 individuals showed that mesothelioma was genetically transmitted, probably in an autosomal dominant way. This finding should lead to preventive strategies to lower the incidence of mesothelioma in future generations, and close monitoring of high-risk individuals might allow early detection and cure.

ERIONITE (Group 1). A. Evidence for carcinogenicity to humans (sufficient). B. Evidence for carcinogenicity to animals (sufficient).

Erionite is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Occupational exposures occur during mining, milling and processing of some zeolites as well as during agricultural work in areas in which soils are contaminated with erionite. [IARC] Zeolites are used in water softeners, detergents, cracking catalysts, adsorbents, desiccants, and solar collectors; [Hawley] Zeolites are used for pet litter, soil conditioners, animal feed, waste-water treatment, gas absorbents, etc. Erionite deposits exist in Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. [NTP] Workers may be exposed in waste treatment, agricultural waste, air pollution control systems, cement aggregates, and building materials; [Siemiatycki, p. 326]

Erionite is no longer commercially mined; [NTP]

Farming (Respiratory Hazards) [Category: Industry]

Erionite is no longer mined or marketed for commercial purposes. Although other natural zeolites have many commercial uses (pet litter, soil conditioners, animal feed, waste-water treatment, gas absorbents, etc.) because of their unique properties, very few data are available specifically for erionite. It reportedly was used in the past as a noble metal-impregnated catalyst in a hydrocarbon-cracking process and was studied for use in fertilizers and to control odors in livestock production. Erionite-rich blocks have been used to build houses in parts of the western U.S., but this was a minor and unintentional use of the mineral.

Only a few hundred tons of zeolites were mined annually in the United States through the 1970s, and by the mid 1980s, annual production was still less than 10,000 metric tons (22 million pounds). Production then started to increase and peaked in the United States in 1994 at 52,800 metric tons (116 million pounds). In 2002, nine companies reported mining 46,000 metric tons (101 million pounds) of zeolites, which was up from the 36,400 metric tons (80 million pounds) reported in 2001. /Zeolites/

... Domestic uses for natural zeolite in 2002 were, in decreasing order by tonnage, pet litter, animal feed, horticultural applications (use as soil conditioners and growth media), miscellaneous applications, oil absorbent, odor control, desiccant, pesticide carrier, water purification, aquaculture, wastewater cleanup, gas absorbent, and catalyst. Pet litter, animal feed, and horticultural applications accounted for more than 65% of domestic sales tonnage. The largest increases in tonnage sales were in animal feed and pet litter. /Zeolites/

Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicates of the alkaline and alkaline-earth metals. About 40 natural zeolites have been identified during the past 200 years; the most common are analcime, chabazite, clinotilolite, erionite, ferrierite, heulandite, laumontite, mordenite, and phillipsite. /Zeolites/

Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that belongs to a group of minerals called zeolites.

Some properties ... are similar to those of asbestos however it is not currently regulated by the US EPA

Zeolite minerals are associated with the alteration of volcanic tuffs with saline lake water. Several hundred occurrences of zeolite deposits have been recorded in over 40 countries. Commercial deposits in the United States are in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. Erionite occurs in rocks of many types and in many geologic settings; however, it rarely occurs in pure form and is normally associated with other zeolite minerals. There are, however, several locations where erionite exists in deposits exceeding millions of tons.

Commercial mining of ores containing erionite began in the 1960s and continued through the 1970s by two U.S. companies. During that time, erionite was one of four commercially important zeolites. By 2002, nine companies were mining natural zeolites in the United States