アクチニウム

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2-AMINO-9H-PYRIDO(2,3-b)INDOLE (A-alpha-C) (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2-AMINO-9H-PYRIDO(2,3-b)INDOLE (A-alpha-C) (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 18000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.1X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data were not found(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 18000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The estimated pKa of 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is 6.6(9), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form and cations generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than their neutral counterparts(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 20(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.60(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not found(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C), which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.64 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) has been detected in grilled sliced beef (650 ng/g), grilled chicken (180 ng/g), grilled Chinese mushrooms (47 ng/g) and grilled onions (1.5 ng/g)(1). 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) was detected after pyrolysis (550 °C) of L-tryptophan (250 to 2500 ug/g), chicken meat (34 ug/g), horse mackerel (12 ug/g), casein (38 ug/g), globulin (1.5 ug/g), gluten (1.2 ug/g) and zein (0.05 ug/g)(1).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) can be estimated to be 18000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is expected to be immobile in soil. The estimated pKa of 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is 6.6(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form and cations generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than their neutral counterparts(4).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are formed as pyrolysis products during the cooking of meats/fish. These substances are potent mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella assay and are also carcinogens in laboratory animals. In order to assess the magnitude of the cancer risk posed by their presence in the US diet, ... the average intakes of HAs ... of the US population /were estimated/ and ... the cancer potencies of the individual compounds /were quantified/ using dose-response data from animal bioassays.... . The average consumption of HA-bearing foods was determined by analyzing statistically the intakes of 3563 individuals who provided 3 day dietary records in a USDA sponsored random survey of the US population during 1989. Dietary intakes of the five principal HAs in descending order were 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) > 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A alpha C) > 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) > 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) > 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). The carcinogenic potencies, in contrast, were almost the reverse order: IQ > DiMeIQx > MeIQx > PhIP > A alpha C. An upper-bound estimate of the incremental cancer risk is 1.1 x 10(-4), using cancer potencies based on a body surface area basis. Nearly half (46%) of the incremental risk was due to ingestion of PhIP. Consumption of meat and fish products contributed the most (approximately 80%) to total risk.

/SPECIAL STUDIES/ Human mutation data reported.

2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) has only been produced and used for laboratory applications(1), which may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is not produced in commercial or bulk qualitites and is not used commercially(1). 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) has been found in grilled foods, cigarette smoke and in the pyrolysis products of proteins(1).

A-alpha-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 40: (1986) Some Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Food Components, Furocoumarins and Ultraviolet Radiation

1987

1987

An estimated BCF of 20 was calculated for 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C)(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.60(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3- b)indole (A-alpha-C) is estimated as 4.0X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha- C) is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). The Henry's Law constant for 2-amino-9H-pyrido(2,3- b)indole (A-alpha-C) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (A-alpha-C) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.2X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In male rats given a single dose of Aalpha C (75 mg/kg, orally, 3 hr prior to necropsy), no Aalpha C-DNA adducts were detected in extrahepatic tissues. In female rats given a single dose or 12 daily doses of Aalpha C, hepatic DNA adduct levels were at least 12-13-fold higher than those in any other tissue. Mean total Aalpha C-DNA adduct levels in mammary gland epithelial cells and liver from female rats given multiple doses of Aalpha C were 3.5 and 50.7 (RAL107), respectively. Although factors in addition to DNA adduct formation are likely to play a role in mammary gland carcinogenesis, the results suggest that the weak mammary gland carcinogenicity of Aalpha C may in part be associated with low Aalpha C-DNA adduct levels in the mammary gland epithelium.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...16 male Fischer 344 rats received a partial hepatectomy, followed 18 hours later by a single ip injection of 50 mg/kg bw A-alpha-C in DMSO. Two wks after the injection, the rats were fed basal diet containing 200 mg/kg 2-acetylaminofluorene /2-AAF)/ for two wks and received a single oral dose of 1 ml/kg bw carbon tetrachloride 1 wk after the start of the 2-AAF treatment. A control group of 13 rats received partial hepatectomy and ip injection of DMSO alone, followed by the same treatment as the experimental group. All animals were killed five weeks after the start of the experiment. A-alpha-C induced statistically significant increases in the number and area of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive liver foci (p<0.001).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The inductions of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by. 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A alphaC) ...were studied in the large intestine of C57BL/6N mice. 7-wk-old mice were fed a diet supplemented with 500 or 800 ppm of A alphaC... for 7 weeks, followed by a basal diet for another 7 weeks. A alphaC at 800 ppm induced 8.0 +/- 1.9 and 7.8 +/- 2.5 ACF in female and male mice, respectively. ... At lower concentrations... many fewer ACF were induced. No ACF were induced in the control group. The size of ACF (number of aberrant crypts/ACF) in all experimental groups was between 1.0 and 1.5. More than half the A alphaC-induced ACF were located in the region about 20-40% of the distance from the ileocecal portion to the anus.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/...The mammary gland carcinogenicity of Aalpha C was examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats given 10 doses of Aalpha C (75 mg/kg, orally, once per day starting at 43 days of age) and placed on a defined high-fat diet (23.5% corn oil), a strong promotional factor for rat mammary gland carcinogenesis. Within 1 yr, one out of 20 rats dosed with Aalpha C developed a tubulopapillary carcinoma, indicating that the bioassay was largely negative.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-AMINO-9H-PYRIDO(2,3-b)INDOLE (A-alpha-C) (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Found in grilled foods and cigarette smoke; Not used commercially; [HSDB]

A-alpha-C is not used commercially.