2-[(3S)-キヌクリジン-3-イル]-2,4,5,6-テトラヒドロ-1H-ベンゾ[de]イソキノリン-1-オン

EMA approved medicines: Human medicine

EMA approved medicines: Human medicine

Antiemetic medicines

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

palonosetron

DILI Negative

Intravenous

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

Palonosetron

0.012

0.05

Palonosetron is given in combination with netupitant as a capsule (Akynzeo). One Akynzeo capsule containing 300 mg netupitant and 0.5 mg palonosetron is administered approximately 1 hour prior to the start of chemotherapy.

Data used to generate the benchmarks include the following: Lowest Daily Dose (LDD): 0.5 mg/day, Lowest Therapeutic Dose (LTD): 0.006 mg/kg-day, and Screening Dose: 0.000002 mg/kg-day.

31-Jan-21

A04AA05

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

QA - Alimentary tract and metabolism

Palonosetron is an antinauseant and antiemetic agent indicated for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately-emetogenic cancer chemotherapy and for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Palonosetron is a highly specific and selective serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist that is pharmacologically related to other 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists, but differs structurally. Palonosetron has a high affinity for 5-HT₃ receptors, but has little to no affinity for other receptors. The serontonin 5-HT₃ receptors are located on the nerve terminals of the vagus in the periphery, and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema. It is suggested that chemotherapeutic agents release serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine by causing degenerative changes in the GI tract. The serotonin then stimulates the vagal and splanchnic nerve receptors that project to the medullary vomiting center, as well as the 5-HT3 receptors in the area postrema, thus initiating the vomiting reflex, causing nausea and vomiting.

Palonosetron is a selective serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5-HT₃ receptors present both centrally (medullary chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract). This inhibition of 5-HT₃ receptors in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center, likely indirectly at the level of the area postrema, as well as through direct inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Alternative mechanisms appear to be primarily responsible for delayed nausea and vomiting induced by emetogenic chemotherapy, since similar temporal relationships between between serotonin and emesis beyond the first day after a dose have not been established, and 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists generally have not appeared to be effective alone in preventing or ameliorating delayed effects. It has been hypothesized that palonosetron's potency and long plasma half-life may contribute to its observed efficacy in preventing delayed nausea and vomiting caused by moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.