テトラメチル鉛(IV)

Use water to keep fire exposed containers cool. If leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors or flush spill. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzle; if this is impossible withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed for hours to days. Caution is advised.

(General first aid procedures)

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Poisonous gases including lead, lead oxides and carbon monoxide are produced in fire.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.004 [mg/m3], as Pb[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Use dry CO2, water spray, or foam extinguishers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

If tetramethyl lead is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3) For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from other combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Tetramethyl lead should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

... The cleaning of tanks which contain, or in the past have contained, leaded gasoline is a hazardous operation owing to the presence of flammable and toxic vapors in the tank. The sludge and scale removed from the tanks should also be regarded as hazardous due to the presence of toxic lead cmpd.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Adjust pH to neutral (pH=7). Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides, which may be recycled. It is also possible to recover alkyl lead compounds from wastewaters as an alternative to disposal.

Tetramethyl lead may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possiblity of skin contact with liquids of > 1.06% content. Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact. Work clothing should be changed daily if it is possible that clothing is contaminated. Remove nonimpervious clothing immediately if wet or contaminated with liquids containing > 1.06%. Provide emergency showers and eyewash if liquids containing > 1.06% are involved.

For control of general room air, biologic monitoring is essential for personnel control.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Ethyl alcohol is known to affect the functional integrity of the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, and to alter behaviors which are thought to be mediated through limbic function. Organometals also compromise the limbic system and result in deficits in learning and memory. Since both alcohol and organoleads are present in the environment and seem to influence limbic integration, the interaction of these two compounds was assessed in the present experiment. Thirty male rats of the Fischer-344 strain were divided into three equal groups and were given injections of trimethyl lead (8.0 or 17.0 mg/kg/ml sc) or the saline vehicle. Fourteen days later, all animals were challenged with a single hypnotic dose of ethanol (3.5 g/kg ip). The 20% v/v solution of alcohol was prepared in water from a stock solution of 95% ethanol. The latency to loss of the righting reflex and duration of sleep time were recorded while the rats were kept in sound attenuating chambers. The rats treated with the highest dose of trimethyl lead manifested significantly longer latencies to lose the righting reflex and shorter durations of sleep than did controls. These results suggest that exposure to environmental lead may alter the biological and behavioral responsiveness of an animal to alcohol. /Trimethyllead/

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill, 5 to 10 cm, 5g) 2.2 mg/L/48 hr; Conditions: static, pH 6.9 to 7.5, hardness 84 to 163 mg CaCO3/L. /Chemically pure/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) 84 mg/L/96 hr; Conditions: static, 23 °C, pH 7.6 to 7.9, hardness 55 mg CaCO3/L. /68% TML in Toluene/

LC50 Menidia beryllina (inland silverside) 13.5 mg/L/96 hr; Conditions: static, 20 °C. /68% TML in Toluene/

LC50 Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice) 0.065 mg/L/96 hr; Conditions: flow through /50.82% TML, 17.86% 1,2-dibromethane, 18.81% 1,2-dichlorethane, 12.45% toluene/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Organic matter in the soil will influence tetramethyl lead's mobility because possibilities exist for inhibited mobility by sorption to soil organic matter and for enhanced mobility by the formation of soluble chelate complexes with soluble organic anions(1). Volatilization of tetramethyl lead from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.61 atm-cu m/mole(2), calculated from a vapor pressure of 26 mm Hg(2) and a water solubility of 15 mg/L(2). Tetramethyl lead is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).

AQUATIC FATE: Organic matter in the suspended solids and sediment may influence tetramethyl lead's mobility(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(2) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.61 atm-cu m/mole(3), derived from its vapor pressure, 26 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 15 mg/L(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(2), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.8 hours and 6.5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), BCF values ranging from 20 to 700(5,6), suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high(SRC). Tetramethyl lead is expected to undergo hydrolysis based on a reported hydrolysis half-life of 4.38 days in seawater(8). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetramethyl lead, which has a vapor pressure of 26 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetramethyl lead is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constants for the direct photolysis of vapor-phase tetramethyl lead exposed to bright sunlight at solar zenith angles of 40 and 75 deg have been experimentally determined to be 1.4X10-3/min and 3.38X10-4/min, respectively(4). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 8.3 and 34 hours, respectively(SRC).

Atmospheric Fate: Most /particulate lead from automobile exhaust, emitted in the form of lead halides,/ ... settles very closely to roadways. Smaller particles are widely dispersed so that the avg residence time of lead in the atmosphere is about 10 days. Complex chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere transform lead halides to relatively insoluble salts (ie, lead carbonate (PbCO3), lead oxide (PbO), lead sulfate (PbSO4)). Atmospheric lead particles are removed by sedimentation, dry deposition, and precipitation. /Tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, lead halides & salts/

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of tetramethyl lead (Me4Pb) towards freshwater algae was studied by bubbling biologically generated Me4Pb from one flask containing 5 mg of Pb/L as Me3PbOAc into the culture medium in another flask where a test alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was grown. As Me4Pb is not soluble in water and is volatile, the exposure of an alga to this lead compound was only momentary. It was estimated that <0.5 mg of Pb (Me4Pb) had passed through the culture medium. The primary productivity and cell growth (determined by dry weight), however, decreased by 85% and 32% respectively, as compared with the controls without exposure to Me4Pb. Furthermore, cells exposed to Me4Pb tended to clump together and striking alterations in cell fine-structure were observed. An electron microscopic analysis by an energy dispersive spectrometer revealed that Pb ions had penetrated the cell and were deposited within concretion bodies. Similar results were obtained with the green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Momentary bubbling of less than 0.5 mg of lead as tetramethyl lead (TML) into a culture of the Scenedesmus quadricauda (green alga) decreased primary productivity and cell growth by 85 and 32%, respectively.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Changes to the Golgi apparatus and tubular structures were observed /in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) from the exposure to tetramethyl lead/ at 78 mg Pb/L /for/ 1 days.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Changes to the Golgi apparatus, protoplastids, ER and mitochondria, and mitosis failures were observed /in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) from the exposure to tetramethyl lead/ at 7.74 mg Pb/L /for/ 1 days. At 77.4 mg Pb/L, after 24 hr no cells were capable of division.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ After /Tritium aestivum (wheat) exposed to TML/ at 70 mg Pb/L there was almost complete inhibition of germination. At above 7, there was a reduction in grain yield to 10%. From 0.7 to 70, lead enrichment in straw, grain and bracts was observed.

Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ng/g) in vegetation collected from Lake Ontario(1). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 7.5 ng/g) in aquatic weeds collected from the St. Lawrence River near Maitland, Ontario(2). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ng/g) in 44 vegetation, algae, and weed samples collected from various lakes and rivers in Ontario(3).

Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Vomiting. Convulsions. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness.

Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Vomiting. Convulsions. Diarrhoea. Unconsciousness. Further see Inhalation.

insomnia, bad dreams, restlessness, anxious; hypotension; nausea, anorexia; delirium, mania, convulsions; coma

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

D008; A solid waste containing lead (such as tetramethyl lead) may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Tetramethyl lead is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Tetramethyl lead is included on this list.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Tetramethyllead is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Tetramethyllead

1

10000

Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/l /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/l /Lead/

(MN) MINNESOTA 20 ug/l /Lead/

Tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead (CAS # 78-00-2 & 75-74-1), also called alkyl lead, are used as anti-knock agents in gasoline. [ATSDR Case Studies # 1]

Organic lead was added to gasoline in the US until January 1996. [ATSDR Case Studies, Lead Toxicity]

Antiknock additive for gasolines

Dilute grade used for blending of gasolines used in laboratory engine testing

Antiknock agents in aviation gasoline /Lead alkyl, mixed/

The predominant use for tetramethyl lead is as an octane improver, or anti-knock additive ... In some older engines the lead also provides an essential source of solid lubricant for the valve gear.

(1974) 1.38X10+7 G

(1974) 1.38X10+5 G

(1972) 9.0X10+10 G

(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 1.82X10+6 G

Between 1.1 and 11 million lb were produced/imported in 1977.

(1985) 2.71X10+7 LB (combined tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead)

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3478]

The best known industrial process for producing tetramethyllead ... is the reaction of the sodium - lead alloy PbNa with methyl chloride ... .

Tetramethyllead is also manufactured by an electrolytic Grignard reaction.

Composition of tetramethyl lead (TML)-CB /as additive to gasoline/: TML: 51 wt %; ethylene dibromide: 18 wt %; ethylene dichloride: 19 wt %; dye, stabilizer, kerosene, and inerts: 12 wt %.

Two grades: regular & dilute (mixture of 70% xylene & 30% n-heptane)

ANOTHER TYPE OF /GASOLINE/ ADDITIVE IS MADE BY MIXING TETRAETHYL LEAD (TEL) WITH TETRAMETHYL LEAD (TML) TO PRODUCE PHYSICAL MIXT CONTAINING 10-75% TML. ADDITIVES MADE FROM THESE MIXT CONTAIN 40-50% OF LEAD SCAVENGERS. ... TEL IS USED TO MAKE SO CALLED "REDISTRIBUTION REACTION MIXT" BY REACTING TEL WITH VARYING AMT OF TML.

Plumbane, tetramethyl-: ACTIVE

The use of ...tetramethyl lead (TML) is expected to decline rapidly in the US when new air pollution control regulations require gasolines to contain less lead. ...US production of TML has been increasing steadily since its introduction as a substitute for TEL in 1960 and reached an estimated 200 million pounds in 1971. Data on production of TML in the rest of the world ...probably does not exceed 100 million pounds per year.

... For environmental reasons, their use (tetraalkyl leads) is now being limited or even banned. In 1977, world production was ca. 700,000 tons; this fell to 500,000 tons in 1980. /Tetraalkyl leads/

Maximum allowable Pb content in gasoline: 0.026 g/L in 1986 (US)

Only lead-free gasoline may now be used as an automobile fuel in the US.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.