2,4-D Chlorocrotyl ester

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U240, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /2,4-D acid, salts and esters/

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Landfill: Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Incinerate at high temp or PCDDs may be formed. /2,4-D/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 2,4-D and related herbicides: Concentration process: Resin adsorption. /2,4-D and related herbicides/

Smoking, eating, and drinking before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide ... is being handled or used. /Pesticides/

/When/ cleaning glassware and spray equipment: wash thoroughly with water and detergent soln. Alcohol or ketone type solvents may be used with ester formulations. Preferably, equipment should not be used for application of other pesticides or fertilizers. /2,4-D ester formulations/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

8 Hr Time-Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 mg/cu m. /2,4-D/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /2,4-D/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /2,4-D/

Urinalysis of six volunteer workers (wearing a full line of protective clothing) involved in mixing and loading 2,4-D ester solutions into aircraft and in guiding the spray aircraft in two conifer release programs showed a maximum excretion level of 22.2 ug/kg body weight/day(1). The urinary excretion rate of 2,4-D in 45 commercial lawn care specialists who had been spraying the herbicide for a period of at least 3 weeks ranged from 0.4-6.3 ug/kg body weight/day(2). Thirty nine of 197 children living near and away from possible source of contamination had detectable levels of 2,4-D (detection limit 1 ppb) in their urine at a maximum concentration of 9 ppb(3).

Various amounts of 2,4-D products applied to a target area may be distributed in the general environment, within a few hours or days, by the movements of air, water, or soil, particularly during periods or rain, high winds, or high temperature. Persistence or accumulation of 2,4-D residues from normal use is occasionally possible, mainly under dry or cold conditions where there is little biological activity. /2,4-D products/

From limited data available, it may be concluded that any phenoxy herbicide, whether applied as ester ... formulations, may be chemically transformed to the same phenoxyalkanoic anion in soil and water at rates dependent on pH. These anions would presumably reassociate with a variety of inorganic cations present in the soil to maintain electrical neutrality, and then undergo leaching and biological degradation. /Phenoxy esters/

Because dermal absorption is an important route of exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides, biological monitoring is useful in estimating the absorbed dose. Urine concn provide the most accurate estimate of body burden; because of slow absorption, it is best to collect samples after a few days of exposure. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides/

SUBJECTIVE CLINICAL SYMPTOMS REPORTED AMONG WORKERS USING VARIOUS ESTERS & SALTS OF 2,4-D INCL RAPID FATIGUE, HEADACHE, LOSS OF APPETITE & PAIN IN THE REGION OF THE LIVER & STOMACH. SENSITIVITY TO TASTE & SMELL WAS LOWERED. /2,4-D ESTERS AND SALTS/

The chlorophenoxy herbicides have produced contact dermatitis in man ... /Chlorophenoxy compounds/

IN THE BODY, THE ... ESTERS OF CHLOROPHENOXY COMPOUNDS ARE HYDROLYZED FAIRLY RAPIDLY SO THAT THE MAMMALIAN TOXICITY OF EACH COMPOUND DEPENDS MAINLY ON THE ACID INVOLVED. /CHLOROPHENOXY HERBICIDES/

2,4-D esters are known to be rapidly hydrolyzed by plants /to the free acid/. /Commercial 2,4-D formulations/

2,4-D and its derivatives are fairly rapidly broken down by biological action. /2,4-D derivatives/

Mutagenic effects: Studies available at present are not adequate for the quantitive evaluation of the mutagenic effects of 2,4-D and its derivatives in short-term tests. However, the evidence does not suggest that 2,4-D derivatives are potent mutagens. /2,4-D and its derivatives/

Chlorophenoxy herbicides are classified as vasculotoxic agents with the associated disease state of hypertension. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides, from table/

NO SIGNIFICANT INCR IN INCIDENCE OF TUMORS IN VARIOUS MOUSE STRAINS ... GIVEN 2,4-D OR ITS ESTERS AT 46.4 MG/KG/DAY ORALLY ON DAYS 7-28 FOLLOWED BY ... 323 PPM FOR 18 MO. /2,4-D OR ITS ESTERS/

Some formulations (eg esters) are toxic to fish ... /2,4-D/

The mammalian pharmacology is not well characterized. ... Both acute & chronic toxicities in laboratory mammals are low. All species ... tested react similarly, & there seems to be only minor differences in potency between various salts & esters of 2,4-D, either as pure chemical or as commercial preparations.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /2,4-D/

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: limited; overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. /SRP: The older literature indicated that these compounds were carcinogenic. It was discovered that this was due to contamination, including dioxin./ /Chlorophenoxy herbicides; From table/

AQUATIC FATE: ... 2,4-D esters hydrolyze quickly (k= 4.3 l/mol/sec) ... to form anions (pH > 4) and free acid (pH < 4). /SRP: Basic hydrolysis at pH 9 is 3 orders of magnitude faster than hydrolysis at pH 6./ /2,4-D esters/

/2,4-D esters, irradiated with wavelengths longer than 290 nm/ in organic solvents or at high concentrations in water, ... yielded ... 2-, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid esters. Ester photolysis rates were also found to be pH independent. /2,4-D esters/

Sunlight falling on the earth's surface is composed of wavelengths greater than about 280 nm ... phenoxy herbicides have an ultraviolet absorption maxima in water in the 280-290 nm range, they ... can absorb radiation and be photochemically degraded. /Phenoxy herbicides/

Photodecomposition of 2,4-D ... leads to the formation of a variety of products but commonly involves reductive dechlorination of the acid, esters, and salts in aqueous or in organic solutions, with 2,4-dichlorophenol acting as a catalyst for the breakdown of 2,4-D, which may involve rupture of the aromatic ring. ... Carbon dioxide is the final oxidation product when aqueous solutions of 2,4-D undergo photodecomposition. /2,4-D/

BASIC & ACID HYDROLYSIS OF 2,4-D ESTERS YIELDED 2,4-D & CORRESPONDING ALCOHOL. MAJOR PHOTOREACTION OF 2,4-D ESTERS @ WAVE-LENGTH LESS THAN 290 NM INVOLVED CLEAVAGE OF ORTHO C-CL BOND. /2,4-D/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Monitor body temperature and treat if necessary. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with lactated Ringer's /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Titrate to maintain adequate urine flow. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive without signs of hypovolemia ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorophenoxy herbicides and related compounds/

Alkaline diuresis should be used to treat acute poisoning with chlorophenoxy herbicides or ioxynil in the presence of coma or other poor prognostic indicators, such as acidemia, or if plasma total chlorophenoxy concentrations are 0.5 g/l or more.

D016; A solid waste containing 2,4-D (such as 2,4-D chlorocrotyl ester) may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

U240; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 2,4-D acid, salts & esters as commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates or off-specification commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates, become wastes, they must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). /2,4-D, salts and esters/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 2,4-D Chlorocrotyl ester is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /2,4-D, salts and esters/

2,4-D ester is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. /2,4-D ester/

(IL) ILLINOIS 10 ug/l

(NY) 50 ug/l

(AZ) ARIZONA 70 ug/l /2,4-D/

(MN) MINNESOTA 70 ug/l /2,4-D/