テトラエチルプルンバン

Fire fighting should be done from an explosive-resistant location. Use water from unmanned monitors and hose-holders to keep fire-exposed containers cool. When stopping leak, use water spray to protect firefighters. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed for hours to days. Caution is advised.

(General first aid procedures)

Poisonous gases including lead and carbon monoxide are produced in fire.

Vapors are heavier than thin air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.004 [mg/m3], as Pb[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, mist, and foam.

REMOVAL OF TETRAETHYLLEAD FROM WASTEWATER WITH CELLULOSE ACETATE SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE FILTRATION IS DISCUSSED.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Adjust pH to neutral (pH=7). Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

... The cleaning of tanks which contain, or in the past have contained, leaded gasoline is a hazardous operation owing to the presence of flammable and toxic vapors in the tank. The sludge and scale removed from the tanks should also be regarded as hazardous due to the presence of toxic lead cmpd.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P110 or D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides, which may be recycled. It is also possible to recover alkyl lead compounds from wastewaters as an alternative to disposal.

Chemical Treatability of Lead; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Metal; Scale of Study: Respirometer Study; Results of Study: Oxygen uptake inhibited.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Work clothing should be changed daily if it is possible that clothing is contaminated with liquids of > 0.1% content. Remove nonimpervious clothing immediately if wet or contaminated with liquids containing > 0.1%. Provide emergency showers and eyewash if liquids containing > 0.1% are involved.

Personnel should not be allowed to eat, smoke or keep unsealed food or beverages in the work area.

Continous sampling and analysis of the air in all areas of the plant ... should be carried out as a dependable indication of the quality of maintenance of such equipment.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The mean concentrations of total lead and inorganic lead were 79.0 and 37.3 ug/g creatinine, respectively, in the urine of 15 gasoline station workers from Ankara, Turkey said to be occupationally exposed to tetraethyl lead and 5.5 and 3.9 ug/g creatinine, respectively, in the urine of 15 control individuals(1). Mean total lead and inorganic lead concentrations measured in the urine of selected workers within the same city were 91.1 and 65.8 ug/g creatinine, respectively, for 49 refinery workers, 67.3 and 48.4 ug/g creatinine, respectively, for 50 motor mechanics, 74.2 and 53.9 ug/g creatinine, respectively, for 42 gasoline station workers, and 50.5 and 45.9 ug/g creatinine, respectively, for 35 control individuals(2).

THE INCORPORATION OF LABEL FROM U(14)C-LABELED GLUCOSE IN GLUTAMIC ACID & GABA WAS AFFECTED BY TETRAETHYLLEAD IN A CHARACTERISTIC MANNER IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE BRAIN. GLUCOSE UPTAKE, HOWEVER, WAS NOT INFLUENCED. PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE REVERSED THE EFFECT OF TETRAETHYLLEAD ON THE INCORPORATION, ESPECIALLY IN THE CEREBELLUM & BRAINSTEM, BUT WITH LITTLE EFFECT IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX.

Hepatic

central nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, weight 5 g, length 7 (5-11) cm); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 6.9-7.5, hardness 84.0-163 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 33.0-81.0 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >5 mg/L; Concentration: 2000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, weight 5 g, length 7 (5-11) cm); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 6.9-7.5, hardness 84.0-163 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 33.0-81.0 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >5 mg/L; Concentration: 1400 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) 0.2 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck), male, 3 to 4 months, oral 107 mg/kg (95% confidence limit, 44.5 to 258 mg/kg) /Commercially pure/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: FATE: Organic matter in the soil will influence tetraethyl lead's mobility because possibilities exist for inhibited mobility by sorption to soil organic matter and for enhanced mobility by the formation of soluble chelate complexes with soluble organic anions(1). Volatilization of tetraethyl lead from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.568 atm-cu m/mole(3). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Tetraethyl lead is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.26 mm Hg(2). Approximately 70 to 90% disappearance of C-14 labeled tetraethyl lead from both sterile and non-sterile soils was observed within 8 hours to 3 days indicating that abiotic processes were primarily responsible for the degradation of this substance(4,5). However, a more rapid initial rate of biodegradation in the non-sterile soils indicated that some biodegradation was taking place as well(4,5).

TERESTRIAL FATE: Tetraethyl lead (in gasoline) at an initial concentration of approximately 600 ug/mL in Arredondo fine sand was degraded by 54% after 2 hours and 67% after 48 hours(1). Tetraethyl lead (in a gasoline-water microemulsion) was degraded from an initial concentration of 20 ug/mL to 2.5 ug/mL after 6 hours and 1 ug/L after 48 hours(1). The degradation of tetraethyl lead was considered to proceed through a dealkylation process forming triethyl lead(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Organic matter in the suspended solids and sediment may influence tetraethyl lead's mobility(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(2) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.568 atm-cu m/mole(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(2), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.3 hours and 7.1 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 53 days when adsorption is considered(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values ranging from 120 to 18,138(6,7) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). Tetraethyl lead is expected to undergo hydrolysis based on reported hydrolysis half-lives of approximately 8 days in freshwater and 14 hours in seawater(8,9). Some biodegradation of tetraethyl lead in water is expected to occur based on a more rapid initial rate of degradation measured in non-sterile soil than in sterile soil (70-90% degradation after 8 hours and 18 hours, respectively); however, abiotic mechanisms are considered to be the dominant degradation processes for this substance(10). Liquid tetraethyl lead is relatively insoluble in water and has high density, thus a spill of tetraethyl lead into a stream will sink and spread along the stream bottom(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetraethyl lead, which has a vapor pressure of 0.26 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetraethyl lead is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.1 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constants for direct photolysis of vapor-phase tetraethyl lead exposed to bright sunlight at solar zenith angles of 40 and 75 deg have been experimentally determined to be 5.1X10-3/min and 1.29X10-3/min, respectively(4). These values correspond to respective photolytic half-lives of 2.3 and 9.0 hours in air(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /in male Japanese quails or mallard ducks exposed orally to LD50 levels of commercially pure tetraethyllead/: Polydipsia, regurgitation, reluctance to leave the swimming pond (in mallards), shakiness, hypoactivity, wing drop, wings spread, ataxia, sitting, reluctance to move, fluffed feathers, ptosis, ataraxia, asthenia, mydriasis, tremors, and anorexia. Regurgitation in mallards occurred as soon as 7 min, other signs appeared as soon as 20 min, and mortalities usually occurred between 1 and 4 days after treatment. Remission took up to 8 days.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In darkness tetraethyllead was not toxic to the algae even at extremely high concentrations. Depending on concentration, growth, mitosis, and cytokinesis of the cells were inhibited in illuminated cultures, resulting in formation of giant cells. Tetraethyllead was converted to highly toxic derivatives by light in presence or absence of living cells.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of tetraethyl lead to denitrification of heterotrophic microorganisms existing in estuarine and marine sediment was evaluated by measuring adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) levels. A linear correlation existed between the reduction of ATP and the decline of denitrification rate after addition of organolead compounds.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Complete defoliation /of Bougainvillea/ was seen after 60 hr /exposure to tetraethyl lead/ at 4.5 mg Pb/L.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The concentrations of tetraethyl lead measured in plants located 200 m and 800 m from a factory manufacturing anti-knock compound were 38 and 1 mg/kg, respectively(1). Tetraethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ng/g) in vegetation collected from lakes in Ontario, Canada(2). Samples of macrophytes taken from the St. Lawrence River near Maitland, Ontario contained tetraethyl lead levels of 68-16,515 ug/g wet weight basis(3).

P110; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when tetraethyl lead, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

D008; A solid waste containing lead (such as tetraethyl lead) may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Tetraethyl lead is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Tetraethyl lead is included on this list.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Tetraethyllead is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Tetraethyl lead is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/l /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 20 ug/l /Lead/

(MN) MINNESOTA 20 ug/l /Lead/

Tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead (CAS # 78-00-2 & 75-74-1), also called alkyl lead, are used as anti-knock agents in gasoline. [ATSDR Case Studies # 1]

Organic lead was added to gasoline in the US until January 1996. [ATSDR Case Studies, Lead Toxicity]

Antiknock agent in leaded gas (has been largely replaced by methyl-tert-butyl ether)

USED TO MAKE OTHER METAL ALKYLS, SUCH AS ETHYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS

CHEM INTERMED FOR MIXED ALKYL LEADS FOR GASOLINE ADDITIVES

The predominant use for tetraethyl lead is as an octane improver, or "anti-knock" additive, in gasolines intended as fuel for internal combustion engines. In this function it promotes more efficient combustion characteristics in the fuel, enabling the use in engines of fuels which without it would not satisfy the engine's requirements for smooth running. In some older engines the lead also provides an essential source of solid lubricant for the valve gear. /SRP: Former use in USA./

(1978) 1.73X10+7 G

(1982) 1.65X10+7 G

(1984) 2.92X10+7 g

(1986) 6.07X10+6 LB

2023: 1,000,000 - <2,500,000 lb

(1978) 1.49X10+11 G

(1982) 1.02X10+11 G

(1984) 5.81X10+10 g (sales)

(1985) 2.71X10+7 LB (combined tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead)

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ESSENTIALLY 100% FOR GASOLINE ADDITIVES CONTAINING TETRAETHYL LEAD UNCHANGED, AND/OR MIXED ALKYL LEADS SYNTHESIZED FROM IT.

BETWEEN 1974 & 1978, CONSUMPTION /OF TETRAALKYL LEAD COMPOUNDS IN MOTOR PETROL/ DECLINED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER THE USEPA ISSUED REGULATIONS REQUIRING A GRADUAL REDUCTION IN THE LEAD CONTENT OF PETROL /GASOLINE/. IN 1978, USA CONSUMPTION OF 100% PURE TETRAETHYLLEAD IN ANTIKNOCK MIXES IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE BEEN 157 MILLION KG.

... By action of PbCl2 on zinc ethyl or on a Grignard reagent; by heating C2H5Cl and sodium-lead alloy in autoclave. Production from lead, ethylene, and hydrogen using triethylaluminum as intermediate ... .

The best known industrial process for producing ... tetraethyllead is the reaction of the sodium - lead alloy PbNa with ... ethyl chloride.

Composition: Tetraethyl lead (TEL) /as additive to gasoline/: 61.49 wt %; Ethylene dibromide: 17.86% by wt; Ethylene dichloride: 18.81% by wt; Dye, stabilizer, kerosene, and inerts: 1.84% by wt.

Grade: One grade only. Approx 98% pure.

Motor fuels contain no more than 0.15% (3 cc/gal) and aviation fuels no more than 0.22% (4.5 cc/gal)

A typical motor mix for automotive gasolines consists of about 62% tetraethyl lead (TEL), 18% ethylene dibromide, 18% ethylene dichloride, and 2% of other ingredients, such as dye, petroleum solvent, and stability improver. For overall best performance of aviation piston engines, the scavenger consists entirely of ethylene dibromide, and a typical aviation mix includes about 61-62% TEL, 35-36% ethylene dibromide, and 3% of dye, solvent, inhibitor, etc.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for TETRAETHYL LEAD (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Petroleum Refineries

Plumbane, tetraethyl-: ACTIVE

Immediately following the production stage, the manufacturer is responsible for blending the lead alkyl with ethylene dichloride or dibromide to create the full gasoline additive package ...

Tetraalkyl lead compounds are no longer produced within the United States.

In 1973, EPA announced regulations requiring a gradual reduction in the lead content of each refinery's total gasoline pool. ... Lead content in gasoline peaked in 1973 at an average of 2.2 grams per gallon, which amounted to about 200,000 tons of lead used per year in the United States. In 1995 leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2,000 tons of lead per year. Effective January 1, 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of the small amount of leaded fuel that was still available in some parts of the country for use in on-road vehicles. (Fuel containing lead was still permitted for som off-road uses, including aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines). In 1996, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) recommended global phase-out of leaded gasoline. ... Following a phase-down period, in 2000 the European Economic Community also banned most leaded gasoline. ... Leaded gasoline is still being phased out in most developing nations. The "Declaration of Dakar," approved June 28, 2001, involved the World Bank and 25 sub-Saharan African nations in a plan to clean up the air quality in African cities. The most important part of the program was a phase-out of leaded gasoline. ... Still, some nations such as Iraq and Jordan continue to use leaded gasoline.