1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Carcinogens

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

log Kow = 1.89

2.35

Pleasant odor

Sweet chloroform-like odor

1.44 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4416 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.44

1.4397 @ 20°C

1.44

1.69 cP at 25 °C

1.17 mm²/s at 25 °C

Clear, colorless liquid

Colorless liquid

1 to 5 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with alcohol, ethers and many organic liquids

In water, 4,590 mg/L at 25 °C

... Soluble in water (4.50 g/L at 20 °C)

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.45 (very poor)

0.4%

Uninhibited 1,1,2-trichloroethane is corrosive to aluminum, iron, and zinc at reflux temperatures.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is highly corrosive to aluminum, iron, and zinc. Addition of water increses the rate of corrosion.

235 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

113-114 °C at 760 mm Hg

Latent heat of evaporation at BP: 68.7 cal/g

In presence of water, hydrolysis occurs at /1,1,2-trichloroehtane's/ boiling point

114 °C

237 °F

Warning

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H302+H312+H332 (30.4%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Cardiovascular Toxicity; Dermatotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Immunotoxicity; Nephrotoxicity and Other Toxicity to the Urinary System; Neurotoxicity

Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

T - indicates a substance that is the subject of a final TSCA section 4 test rule.

Status: Active Update: 12-01-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/1878

Restricted substance: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic gases including hydrogen chloride and very small amounts of phosgene and chlorine are produced.

Combustible under specific conditions. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.

Inhalation causes irritation of the nose, throat, and lungs. High concentrations may cause death by respiratory failure. Highly toxic by ingestion; may cause liver or kidney damage or myocardial irritability. Causes severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Vapor may produce superficial skin burns or defatting type dermatitis and may irritate the eyes. (USCG, 1999)

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid. It does not burn easily, can be dissolved in water, and evaporates easily. It is used as a solvent (a chemical that dissolves other substances) and as an intermediate in the production of the chemical, 1,1-dichloroethane. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is sometimes present as an impurity in other chemicals, and it may be formed when another chemical breaks down in the environment under conditions where there is no air.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is used as a chemical intermediate and a solvent. No information is available on the acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), developmental, reproductive, or carcinogenic effects of 1,1,2- trichloroethane in humans. The only effect that has been noted in humans is stinging and burning sensations of the skin upon dermal exposure to the chemical. Acute animal studies have reported effects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) from inhalation and oral exposure to 1,1,2- trichloroethane, while chronic animal studies have reported effects on the liver and immune system from oral exposure. An animal study reported liver tumors and adrenal tumors in mice, but no tumors in rats, exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane by gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach). EPA has classified 1,1,2-trichloroethane as a Group C, possible human carcinogen.

Acute animal studies: narcosis, anesthesia, and injury to the liver and kidneys; [ACGIH] May cause CNS depression; May cause liver and kidney injury; Can be absorbed through skin; [ICSC] A skin and eye irritant; May cause smarting and reddening of skin if spilled and allowed to remain on clothes; A CNS depressant; Highly toxic by ingestion (liver and kidney damage); [CHRIS] Effects reported in humans include irritation of the conjunctiva, respiratory tract mucosa, and skin, narcotic effects at low concentrations, and fatty degeneration of the kidney and lung injury from chronic exposure; No adverse effects observed in 6-month inhalation studies of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits; No evidence of developmental toxicity or teratogenicity in mice administered 350 mg/kg/day; [OECD SIDS] An irritant; A CNS depressant; May cause liver and kidney injury; [Matheson Tri-Gas MSDS]

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 1,1,2-trichloroethane stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this colorless, sweet-smelling liquid may occur from its use as a solvent for chlorinated rubber, fats, waxes, resins, and adhesives. Toxic by dermal contact and inhalation, 1,1,2-trichloroethane can exert effects ranging from skin/eye irritation, headache, and dizziness, to kidney/liver damage, CNS depression, and death. Both the OSHA and ACGIH have set 8-hr TWA limits at 10 ppm. NIOSH recommends that 1,1,2-trichloroethane be treated as a potential carcinogen, and therefore, that any detectable concentration be protected against. NIOSH recommends this be done by wearing a self-contained or supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, operated in positive pressure mode. In either case, protective clothing is necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact, and any non-impervious clothing that becomes contaminated should be promptly removed. Although this liquid is considered nonflammable, containers of 1,1,2-trichloroethane may explode in the heat of a fire and potential decomposition products include toxic gases such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide. For small fires involving 1,1,2-trichloroethane, extinguish with dry chemical or CO2, and for large fires use water spray, fog, or foam. This substance should be stored in a cool dry area, away from strong oxidizers, caustics, and chemically active metals such as aluminum, magnesium powders, sodium, and potassium. The choice of shipping containers should take into account the fact that uninhibited 1,1,2-trichloroethane is corrosive to aluminum, iron, and zinc. DOT regulatory requirements should be consulted before transport. For small spills of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, remove ignition sources, ventilate the area, and take up with dry sand, vermiculite, or other non-combustible absorbent for reclamation. For large spills, dike for later disposal. This substance is a potential candidate for liquid injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed forms of incineration. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge) consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 (1982)

NIOSH; Current Intelligence Bulletin Chloroethanes (1978)

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for 1,1,2-Trichlorethane (1989) PB/90/196411/AS. Available from the Database Query page at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html#bookmark05 as of December 26, 2007

DHEW/NCI; Bioassay of 1,1,2-Trichloroethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (1978) Technical Rpt Series No. 74 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 78-1324

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 79-00-5 (2000). Available from the Database Query page at: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html as of December 26, 2007

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Use powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . Do NOT induce vomiting.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, aluminum, ammonia.

Before being stored or transported over longer periods of time, chlorinated ethanes ... should be carefully analyzed for water, free acid, and stabilizers because decomposition may lead to excessive corrosion. ... Chlorinated ethanes should not be brought into contact with tanks, containers, valves, etc made of aluminum. /Chloroethanes/

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3) COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, OR SIMILAR MATERIAL.

Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of 1 lb.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U227 & F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U227 and F002 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Trichloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids. /Trichloroethane/

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane was not detected in any human adipose sample analyzed as part of the USEPA NHATS study for fiscal year 1982(1). The breath of 9 human subjects from NJ was found to contain a median 1,1,2-trichloroethane conc of 0.2 ug/cu m(2); the median background conc in ambient air was 2.8 ug/cu m(2). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was identified, not quantified, in samples of blood obtained in October 2001 from firefighters that responded to the collapse of the World Trade Center(3).

Following ingestion, administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. Consider gastric lavage after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion. In case of seizures, administer a benzodiazepine IV. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. In case of dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. (T36)

Hepatic

[in animals: liver cancer]

Acetone potentiation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane hepatotoxicity was found to be strongly dose-dependent for both acetone and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. An oral dose of 0.5 ml of acetone/kg was the most effective potentiating pretreatment when administered 16 hr prior to 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Surprisingly, higher doses of acetone did not potentiate the hepatotoxicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, but may have decreased the severity of this toxicity. Acetone potentiation of hepatotoxicity was most pronounced at or near the hepatotoxic threshold for 1,1,2-trichloroethane. While acetone treatment alone did not affect hepatic glutathione (GSH) stores the most consistent effect produced by acetone pretreatment was a significant potentiation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane-induced depletion of hepatic GSH. These findings suggest that critical doses of acetone may enhance the subsequent hepatotoxicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane via mechanisms that affect the interaction of 1,1,2-trichloroethane and hepatic GSH stores.

Mice pretreated with isopropanol (2.5 ml/kg) by gavage showed an increased hepatotoxic response to threshold doses of 1,1,2-trichloroethane as measured by serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity.

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were shown to increase the renal toxicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane as measured by decreases in para-aminohippurate accumulation in renal cortical slices. PBBs are known to increase the activities of microsomal mixed-function oxygenases in the kidney and liver, so increased metabolism of 1,1,2- trichloroethane and the increased presence of metabolites more toxic than the parent compound itself may be responsible for the increased toxicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in the kidney. However, the study also showed that PBBs did not increase the hepatotoxic effects of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, as indicated by relative liver weight or SGOT levels.

Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Hematologic

Eyes, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

Inhalation of high levels of 1,1,2-trichloroethanein can affect the nervous system and cause sleepiness. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may also affect the liver, kidney, and digestive tract, produce skin irritation, and affect the body's ability to fight infections. (L422)

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 81.6 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit not reliable), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.2 °C, dissolved oxygen 8.0 mg/L, hardness 45.2 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.49.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 83-209 measured in soil(2), indicates that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 23 mm Hg(4). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is expected to biodegrade slowly in soil(5). The aerobic biodegradation half-life for 1,1,2-trichloroethane was reported to range from 6 months to 1 year(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 83-209(2), indicate that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 0.7 to 6.7 measured in fish(6), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to occur slowly for 1,1,2-trichloroethane, with an estimated half-life of 139 years at pH 7(7). The biodegradation half-life of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in an unpolluted anaerobic aquifer was estimated to range from 6 days (1% organic carbon content) to 16 years (0.001% organic carbon content)(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2-trichloroethane , which has a vapor pressure of 23 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2-trichloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 50 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.18X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(3). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 1 out of 20 samples of tofu in Japan at a concn of 1.4 ppb(1). It was not detected in yogurt, ice cream, ice milk, rice, juice, lactic beverages, cake, milk, margarine, butter, cola, or bean sprouts(1). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in sandwich cookies at a max concn of 3.78 ppb in a survey of 234 ready to eat table foods(2).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L423) ; oral (L423) ; dermal (L423)

U227; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,1,2-trichloroethane as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

F002; When 1,1,2-trichloroethane is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F002), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to state and/or federal hazardous waste regulations.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro- is included on this list.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.61 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 6 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 3 ug/l

The half-life following 1 hour inhalation exposure to 1005 ppm of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in mice was determined to be 625 minutes in the heart, 203 minutes in the fat, 147 minutes in the brain, 127 minutes in the spleen, 122 minutes in the lungs, 43 minutes in the kidney, 39 minutes in the blood, and 19 minutes in the liver. The half-life in the whole body was calculated to be 49.3 minutes.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is extensively metabolized in mice given 100-200 mg/kg bw by intraperitoneal injection, 73-87% of the dose being eliminated in the urine and 16-22% in expired air. Several urinary metabolites have been identified: chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, thiodiacetic acid, 2,2-dichloroethanol and oxalic acid.

The primary metabolites identified by high-performance liquid chromatography in rats and mice given 1,1,2-trichloroethane by gavage were chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethylcysteine, and thiodiacetic acid.

Although percent of the orally-administered dose metabolized was identical in rats and mice (81%), the actual amount of 1,1,2-trichloroethane metabolized was much higher in mice. The chemical was given to each species at the MTD, which was 4.3 times greater in mice; mice experienced a higher body burden than rats, but were able to metabolize the same percentage of it. The inherent ability of mice to metabolize 1,1,2- trichloroethane at a higher rate than rats may contribute to the greater susceptibility of mice to 1,1,2-trichloroethance cytotoxicity and carcinogenity. It is not known how the rate of 1,1,2-trichloroethane metabolism in humans compares to that in mice and rats. Metabolism in humans is likely to be qualitatively similar to that in animals, however.

INCUBATION OF CHLOROETHANES, HEPATIC MICROSOMES, AN NADPH-GENERATING SYSTEM & EDTA RESULTS IN PRODUCTION OF CHLORINATED METABOLITES. ... MAJOR METABOLITE OF 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE WAS DICHLOROACETATE.

After 1,1,2-trichloroethane enters the body, it is carried by the blood to organs and tissues such as the liver, kidney, brain, heart, spleen, and fat. The primary metabolites identified are chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethylcysteine, and thiodiacetic acid. S-carboxymethycysteine and thiodiacetic acid are formed from 1,1,2-trichloroethane following conjugation with glutathione. Chloroacetic acid is formed by hepatic cytochrome P-450. This reaction is thought to proceed via the acyl chloride. Cytochrome P-450 can also produce free radicals from 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Experiments show that most 1,1,2-trichloroethane leaves the body unchanged in the breath and as other substances that it is changed into in the urine in about 1 day. (L422)

When (38)Cl-1,1,2-trichloroethane was administered by inhalation at a dose of about 5 mg per subject, about 3% of the compound was eliminated in the breath within 1 hr, and urinary excretion of (38)Cl amounted less than 0.01% of the dose/min.

Studies in humans indicate that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is absorbed rapidly after inhalation exposure. A volunteer took one breath of radiolabeled 1,1,2-trichloroethane and expired 10% of the inspired dose in the alveolar air after 12 seconds and about 0.5% after 40 seconds of breath-holding. More than 90% of the administered dose was retained in the body after 50 minutes. These data indicate that 1,1,2- trichloroethane was extensively absorbed into the bloodstream.

EXCRETION--RETENTION OF CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC CMPD IN MICE: 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE EXCRETED 80% IN URINE, 1% IN FECES, 19% IN EXPIRED AIR, AND 2% RETENTION. /FROM TABLE/

In mice, 15 minutes after application of 0.5 ml of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 99.7% was retained in the body and 0.3% was expired in the breath. The absorption rate was calculated to be 130 nmoles/min/sq cm of skin. The rapid absorption through the skin may well be due to the highly lipid soluble character of 1,1,2-trichloroethane.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is primarily used as a chemical intermediate in the production of 1,1- dichloroethene. It is also used as a solvent for chlorinated rubbers, fats, oils, waxes, and resins.

Used primarily for synthesis of vinylidene chloride; also used as a solvent in pharmaceutical manufacturing; [ACGIH] Used in lacquers, adhesives, and resins; [HSDB] Used as a solvent for fats, waxes, natural resins, and alkaloids; [Merck Index]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

Used in adhesives, production of Teflon tubing, in lacquer, and coating formulations.

Intermediate in the production of vinylidine chloride, as a solvent and component of adhesives.

Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, other products; organic synthesis.

2023: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

(1982) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G

Data not available

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3136]

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

PREPD BY CATALYTIC CHLORINATION OF ETHANE OR ETHYLENE.

... Reaction of acetylene gas with a mixture of hydrogen chloride and chlorine in the presence of catalyst or by chlorination of ethylene followed by chlorination of the 1,2-dichloroethane intermediate.

Industrial production of 1,1,2-trichloroethane proceeds by two routes: 1) selective chlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane and 2) addition of chlorine to vinyl chloride..

In the USA, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is available as a commercial grade product, either stablized or unstabilized, at a purity of >99%. The stabilized product contains sec-butanol (0.5%) and 1,2-butylene oxide (0.25%).

Grade: Technical

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-: ACTIVE

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is primarily an unwanted byproduct of several chlorination processes such as the production of 1,2-dichloroethane and the chlorination of ethane or 1,1-dichloroethane to 1,1,1-trichloroethane..