トリデカフルオロ-1-ヘキサンスルホン酸

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Normal measures for preventive fire protection. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator.For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Body Protection: Impervious clothing, the type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Skin protection: Handle with gloves. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

In the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Fourth Report), CDC scientists measured 12 PFCs (perfluorochemicals) in the blood serum (the clear portion of blood) of 2,094 participants aged 12 years and older who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003-2004(1). By measuring PFCs in serum, scientists can estimate the amount of PFCs that have entered people's bodies. CDC scientists found four PFCs (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS or perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, and PFNA or perfluorononanoic acid) in the serum of nearly all of the people tested, indicating widespread exposure to these PFCs in the U.S. population(1). Mean concentration of perfluorohexane sulfonic acid declined by 10-30% in the 2003-2004 survey compared to a 1999-2000 survey(2).

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid was detected in 100% of 48 breast milk samples collected from women in France at mean, median, minimum and maximum concentrations of 0.049, 0.050, 0.04 and 0.066 ug/L, respectively(1). Pooled human milk samples from 2009/2010 in Canada were reported to have an average perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentration of 0.015 ng/mL(2).

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentration in the blood plasma of 105 fisherman from the Lake Mohne area of Germany (2006-2008) ranged from 0.4-17 ug/L(1). Analysis of blood serum collected from 20 adults in Atlanta, GA in July 2003 detected perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentrations ranging from 0.4-11.2 ug/L(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 9.3(2), determined from field-based monitoring data(2), indicates that perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The estimated pKa of perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is 0.14(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The analogous compound PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) is reported to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil surfaces(5), and the same is expected for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid(SRC). Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.0046 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2015). However, available screening test results indicate that perfluoroalkyl compounds are resistant to biodegradation(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 9.3(SRC), determined from field-based monitoring data(2), indicates that perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). An estimated pKa of 0.14(2) indicates perfluorohexanesulfonic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). However, due to the surfactant nature of the perfluoroalkyl compounds (such as perfluorohexanesulfonic acid), some of the amount released to water may form micelles and exist in the associated form despite the low pKa values of these substances(3). Perfluoroalkyl compounds that associate on water surfaces may volatilize into the atmosphere(3). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 10(5) and a field-based BAF of 70(2) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2015). However, available screening test results indicate that perfluoroalkyl compounds are resistant to biodegradation(3). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on hydrolysis results for the analogous PFOS(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.0046 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. However, monitoring data indicate the compound exists in both vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere(3,4). Vapor-phase perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 115 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase perfluorohexanesulfonic acid may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids are not expected to undergo direct photolysis(5). Detection of perfluorohexanesulfonic acid in remote Arctic and marine air samples(4,5) indicates the compound can be transported over long global distances(SRC).

Food items collected from grocery stores in Oslo, Norway between October 2008 and January 2009 contained the following concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonic acid in pg/g fresh weight: margarine (1.3), bread (1.7), pork meat (1.2) and egg (3.5)(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid was detected in 100% of 48 breast milk samples collected from women in France at mean, median, minimum and maximum concentrations of 0.049, 0.050, 0.04 and 0.066 ug/L, respectively(1). Pooled human milk samples from 2009/2010 in Canada were reported to have an average perfluorohexane sulfonic acid concentration of 0.015 ng/mL(2).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a six-carbon compound in the perfluoroalkyl family of chemicals. Perfluorohexane sulfonate was once used in firefighting foam and carpet treatment solutions. It was once widely used as a stain and water repellent but was phased out due to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: An epidemiological study evaluated the associations between serum levels of PFHxS and diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In another study, the associations of prenatal serum concentrations (PFHxS) with fetal and postnatal growth in girls was examined. Serum samples were obtained from mothers during pregnancy. PFHxS (median, 1.6 ng/mL) was detected in 100% of samples. On average, girls born to mothers with prenatal concentrations of PFHxS in the upper tertile weighed 108 g less at birth than girls born to mothers with concentrations in the lower tertile in adjusted models. In another study, the association between levels of PFHxS and semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility and morphology were assessed. The proportion of morphologically normal cells was 35% lower for the third tertile of PFHxS exposure as compared with the first. In a surveillance study, the serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in firefighters was evaluated, and serum concentration of PFHxS was statistically higher in firefighters. Another study reported evidence of a significant association between PFHxS and total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol as well as an elevated odds of high cholesterol. In another study, which evaluated the relationship between serum PFCs and thyroid function, increase in natural log-PFHxS was associated with an increase of total T4 by 0.26 ug/mL and total T3 by 4.074 ng/dL in women and a decrease of natural log-free T4 by 0.016 (ng/dL) in men. ANIMAL STUDIES: A subchronic study investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of PFAS surfactants on lipoprotein metabolism. Mice were fed a Western-type diet with PFHxS, (6 mg/kg/day) for 4-6 weeks. PFHxS markedly reduced TG, non-HDL-C, and HDL-C. The decrease in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was caused by enhanced lipoprotein lipase-mediated VLDL-TG clearance and by decreased production of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B. Reduced HDL production, related to decreased apolipoprotein AI synthesis, resulted in decreased HDL. PFHxS increased liver weight and hepatic TG content. Hepatic gene expression profiling data indicated that these effects were the combined result of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and pregnane X receptor activation. Another study showed that neonatal exposure to PFHxS can alter neuroprotein levels, e.g. CaMKII, GAP-43, synaptophysin and tau, which are essential for normal brain development in mice. This was measured for both males and females, in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The results suggest that PFHxS may act as a developmental neurotoxicant and the effects are similar to that of PFOS and PFOA, but also to other substances such as PCBs, PBDEs and bisphenol A. In another study, in ovo effects of PFHxS exposure (maximum dose = 38,000 ng/g egg) on embryonic death, developmental endpoints, tissue accumulation, mRNA expression in liver and cerebral cortex, and plasma TH levels were evaluated. Pipping success was reduced to 63% at the highest dose of PFHxS; additional effects included decreased tarsus length and embryo mass. Plasma TH levels were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner following PFHxS exposure. A subsequent study evaluated the relationship between PFHxS exposure and TH-dependent neurodevelopmental pathways. PFHxS significantly altered the expression of 11 transcripts at the low dose (890 ng/g) and 101 transcripts at the high dose (38,000 ng/g). Functional enrichment analysis showed that PFHxS affected the genes involved in tissue development and morphology, cellular assembly and organization, and cell-to-cell signaling. In another study, the effects of PFHxS on the neuronal cell death and the underlying mechanisms were examined using PC12 cells as a model of dopaminergic neuron. The treatment with PFHxS reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. PFHxS increased cell apoptosis, increased the activations of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK with different temporal activations. PFHxS exposure also increased ROS formation.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ This study is aimed to evaluate the presence and distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Yellow-legged gull eggs (Larus michahellis) collected from 8 National or Natural Parks from the Iberian Peninsula. In each colony, 12 eggs were randomly collected and pooled from 3 areas of the colony and analyzed using liquid-solid extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Perfluorooctanate sulfonate (PFOS) was the only compound detected in the eggs and its presence was higher in the colonies situated in NE Iberian Peninsula due to the more industrial and mass urbanization in this area compared to the SW Mediterranean or Atlantic colonies. Accordingly, the Medes site, followed by the Ebro Delta and Columbretes, all situated in the NW Mediterranean coast, contained the highest PFOS levels (40.5-54.0ng/g-ww). In all other colonies, PFOS was detected at levels of 10.1-18.6ng/g-ww. Egg shell biometry was studied and it was found that the presence of PFOS did not affect the development of the egg. /perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)/

In 2010, effluents from 90 European wastewater treatment plasnts were analyzed for 156 organic contaminants(1); perfluorohexanesulfonic acid was detected in 71% of the effluents at average and maximum concentrations of 48.6 and 922 ng/L, respectively(1). Analysis of influent and effluent waters from 10 WWTPs nationwide in US detected perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentrations ranging from 2.3-12 ng/L in the influents and 2.4-17 ng/L in the effluents(2). Effluent waters from 6 WWTPs in New York State contained perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentrations ranging from <2.5 to 39 ng/L(3).

Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS)

Developmental

4 x 10 ^-10 mg/kg-day

Using monitoring data from creek and pond locations in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, a field-based Koc of 9.3 was determined for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The estimated pKa of perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is 0.14(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). However, it has been suggested that compounds like the analogous PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) may form strong bonds via a chemisorption mechanism(5).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentrations of 0.13-0.44 pg/cu m (mean of 0.31 pg/cu m) were detected in gas-phase air samples collected in Albany, NY during May-July 2006(1); particle-phase air contained concentration of <0.12 pg/cu m(1). Mean perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 pg/cu m were found in air samples from Manchester UK during two sampling sessions(2).

INDOOR: Indoor air samples (67 samples) collected in Ottawa, Canada contained a mean perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentration of 391.96 pg/cu m. 112 Indoor air samples collected from North Carolina and Ohio contained a mean perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentration of 874 pg/cu m(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid was detected in particle-phase air samples collected from research ships in the Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean and Baltic Sea in 2007 and 2008 (concentration not reported)(1). Air samples collected on Cornwallis Island in the Canadian Arctic in the summer of 2004 contained a perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentration of about 2 pg/cu m(2). Mean perfluorohexanesulfonic acid concentrations of 0.05, 0.07 and 0.04 pg/cu m were detected in air samples from Kjeller Norway, Mace Head Ireland and Hazelrigg UK, respectively(3). Marine air samples collected near the east coast of Africa contained a mean level of 0.013 pg/cu m(3).

Used mainly as a raw material or precursor for production of PFAS /perfluoroalkyl sulfonate/ based products.

Laboratory applications, manufacture of substances. /Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium salt/

Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a six-carbon compound in the perfluoroalkyl family of chemicals. Perfluorohexane sulfonate was once used in firefighting foam and carpet treatment solutions. It was once widely used by 3M as a stain and water repellent but was phased out due to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations.

non-polymer PFAS -> Laboratory Supplies -> Impregnation of genuine leather

• Detected in membranes for apparel [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.001]

Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides are usually made by the Simons electrochemical fluorination process ... in which a hydrocarbon sulfonyl fluoride is electrolyzed in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride at nickel electrodes. The electrochemical yield is excellent for the first member of the series and decreases progressively with the increasing length of the carbon chain; the yield for octanesulfonyl fluoride is ca. 40%. Alkaline hydrolysis of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides gives the corresponding salts, which when acidified and distilled from concentrated sulfuric acid yield the anhydrous sulfonic acids.

... The commercially important methods of preparations of perfluorinated sulfonic acid derivatives are electrochemical fluorination and sulfur trioxide addition to tetrafluoroethylene with subsequent ring opening.

PFAS -> PFsulfonic acids (PFSA)

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) -> OECD Category