Diquat Dibromide

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Small Fire: Use dry chemical, CO2, water spray, or foam. Large Fire: Use water spray, fog or foam. Move containers from fire area if possible without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Diquat is inactivated by inert clay or by anionic surfactants. Therefore, an effective and environmentally safe disposal method would be to mix the product with ordinary household detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil. Recommendable methods: Absorption & landfill. Peer-review: Adsorb on vermiculite or other clay mineral and landfill. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985)) /SRP: approved/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Keep diquat dibromide out of water sources and sewers.

Personnel protection: 1) keep up wind; 2) avoid breathing vapors or dusts; and 3) wash away any material, which may have contacted the body, with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DIQUAT DIBROMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Generally, both herbicides /diquat and paraquat/ retarded the absorption of monosaccharides /glucose and galactose/, although the effects of the treatment at different time intervals were sometimes inconclusive.

LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF CU2+ (0.2-5.0 PPM), DID HAVE A DAMAGING EFFECT, EVEN WHEN THE FISH WERE EXPOSED FOR A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME. FOR MIXTURES OF DIQUAT DIBROMIDE & CU2+, CU2+ HAD THE DOMINANT TOXIC EFFECT. THUS, HERBICIDE MIXTURES TO BE USED IN FRESHWATER AQUATIC SYSTEMS SHOULD NOT CONTAIN COPPER SULFATE, AS THE EFFECTS ON FRESHWATER FISH MAY BE VERY DAMAGING.

A 2-FOLD INCR IN MORTALITY WAS OBSERVED WHEN DIQUAT WAS GIVEN TO RATS PLACED IN 85% OXYGEN RATHER THAN AIR.

Diquat decomposes by alkalies to form colored complexes. Should not be used with anionic surface agents due to cationic nature.

Cell cultures and chicken embryos were treated with max tolerant concns of different compounds and infected with Newcastle disease virus simultaneously or 24 hours after the compounds were introduced. ...It was found that Reglone inhibited Carbaryl increased virus multiplication. ... /Diquat (Reglone)/

LC50 Hyallella azteca 48 mg/l 96-hr

LC50 Pimephales promelas 14000 mg/l 96-hr

LC50 Micropterus salmoides 7800 mg/l 96-hr

LC50 Esox lucius 16000 mg/l 48-hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIQUAT DIBROMIDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that diquat dibromide is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of diquat dibromide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Diquat dibromide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of <<1.0X10-7 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation in soil is not expected to be an important environmental fate process as diquat dibromide reached 0% of its theoretical BOD using the Japanese MITI test(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that diquat dibromide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Diquat dibromide is a divalent cation(5) and cations generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than their neutral counterparts(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF range of <0.6 to 1.4(9), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Diquat dibromide is stable in neutral or acid solutions; however, it hydrolyzes in alkaline waters(8). Biodegradation in water is not expected to be an important environmental fate process as diquat dibromide reached 0% of its theoretical BOD using the Japanese MITI test(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diquat dibromide, which has a vapor pressure of <<1.0X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase diquat dibromide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Diquat has an absorption maximum at 310 nm(3) and is, therefore, susceptible to UV decomposition(SRC). However, when adsorbed on particulate matter, no photodegradation occurs(4).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ...Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs were exposed to diquat by immersing the eggs for 10 sec in solns of 0.88, 3.5, 7, 14, or 56 g/L on either day 4 or 21 of incubation. Application of diquat on day 4 yielded an estimated LC50 of 19.5 g/L through 18 days of incubation, and 9.6 g/L through hatching. Body and organ weights, and bone lengths of hatchlings did not differ between control and treatment groups with the exception of a slight incr in brain weight in the 14 g/L group. Malformations in diquat-treated embryos included defects of the brain, eye, bill, limb, and pelvis; skeletal scoliosis; and incomplete ossification. Subcutaneous edema was also present. Significant manifestations of oxidative stress were apparent in hatchlings and included increased hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) (lipid peroxidation) and decreased brain reduced glutathione (GSH). Brain protein-bound sulfhydryls (PBSH) increased. Diquat applied on day 21 of incubation yielded an estimated LC50 of 12.6 g/L through hatching. Exposure at this late stage of development did not produce deformities. Body and organ weights and, bone lengths of hatchlings did not differ between control and treatment groups. Significant manifestations of oxidative stress in hatchlings included decreased brain GSH, increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and ratio of GSSG to GSH. This study suggests that concns of diquat commonly used for aquatic weed control, when based upon the dilution effect of avg water depth of the application area, would probably have little impact on mallard embryos. However, concns applied above ground to weeds and cattails along ditches could adversely affect the survival and development of mallard embryos, and presumably other avian species nesting in such habitats.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ MALLARDS, ORALLY: ATAXIA ... NUTATION, WING DROP, WING SHIVERS, IMMOBILITY. SURVIVORS TOOK AS LONG AS 14 DAYS TO RECOVER. MORTALITIES OCCURRED 1 TO 3 DAYS POST-TREATMENT.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Drinking water containing 0.5 or 5% Reglone (dibromide) decreased water consumption by Japanese quails in a concn-dependent manner. Ten-day drinking of Reglone /dibromide/ caused /decrease in/ erythrocyte and Hb /levels/ which continued for 7 days after termination of the Reglone /dibromide/ administration. The Hb and erythrocyte levels returned to normal within 3 wk after the termination of Reglone /dibromide/ administration. Within the first wk after the termination of Reglone /dibromide/ administration, 4 of 15 quails died drinking 5% Reglone /dibromide/.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ TOXICOLOGICAL MODIFICATION OF RHEOTAXIS & SWIMMING SPEEDS WERE OBSERVED IN RAINBOW TROUT FOLLOWING 24-HR EXPOSURES TO DIQUAT & ITS FORMULATION REGLONE A. RESIDUES IN FISH LEVELLED OFF WITH INCR TREATMENT LEVELS. THIS SENSITIVE BIOASSAY /IS USED/ TO ASSESS SUBLETHAL EFFECTS.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIQUAT DIBROMIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cough. Sore throat. Nosebleeds.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting. Ulceration in the mouth. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane, respiratory system; rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), epistaxis (nosebleed); skin burns; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); kidney, liver injury; cough, chest pain, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), pulmonary edema; tremor, convulsions; delayed healing of wounds

Tolerances are established for residues of the plant growth regulator diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido (1,2-a:2(a) Tolerancprime;,1-c)pyrazinediium) derived from application of the dibromide salt and calculated as the cation in or on the following food commodities: cattle, fat; cattle, meat-byproducts; cattle, meat; egg; goat, fat; goat, meat-byproducts; goat, meat; hot, fat; hog, meat-byproducts; hot, meat; horse, fat; horse, meat-byproducts; horse, meat; milk; potato; potato, waste, dried; poultry, fat; poultry, meat-byproducts; poultry, meat; sheep, fat; sheep, meat-byproducts; and sheep, meat. /Diquat/

Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido (1,2-a:2,1-c) pyrazinediium) (calculated as the cation) derived from the application of the dibromide salt to ponds, lakes, reservoirs, marshed, drainage ditches, canals, streams, and rivers which are slow-moving or quiescent in programs of the Corps of Engineers or other Federal or State public agencies and to ponds, lakes and drainage ditches only where there is little or no outflow of water and which are totally under the control of the user, in or on the following food commodities: avocado; cotton, undelinted seed; fish; fruit, citrus, group; fruit, pome group; fruit, small; fruit, stone, group; grain, crop; grass, forage; hop, dried cones; nut, tree, group; shellfish; sugarcane, cane; vegetable, cucurbit, group; vegetable, foliage of legume, group; vegetable, fruiting, group; vegetable, leafy; vegetable, root and tuber, group; and vegetable, seed and pod. /Diquat/

Where tolerances are established at higher levels from other uses of diquat on the subject crops, the higher tolerances applies also to residues of the aquatic uses cited in this paragraph. /Diquat/

Tolerances are established for residues of the plant growth regulator diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido (1,2-a:2 1/4, 1 1/4-c) pyrazinediium) derived from application of the dibromide salt and calculated as the cation in or on the following food commodities: banana; and coffee. /Diquat/

For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for DIQUAT DIBROMIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Diquat dibromide is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Non-selective contact herbicide, algicide, desiccant, and defoliant; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Diquat dibromide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 032201) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Non-selective contact herbicide, algicide, desiccant, and defoliant.

As desiccant/defoliant, it is used on seed crops and potatoes. Largest use is as a desiccant on potato crops.

As herbicide/algicide ...used on noncrop, including residential, and aquatic areas

(1977) 1.33X10+8 G (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1982) 3.79X10+8 G (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1977) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN U.S.

(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN U.S.

Fielden et al, US patent 2,823,987 (1958 to ICI).

2,2'-Bipyridine + ethylene dibromide (quaternisation)

AIR OXIDATION OF PYRIDINE IN THE PRESENCE OF A NICKEL CATALYST, FOLLOWED BY REACTION WITH ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 032201; Trade Names: Reglone, Weedkiller Conc.D., Aquacide, Dextrone, FB 2, Reglox, Weedtrine D.

Soluble concentrate; ready-to-use liquid

2 lb/gal (US); 200 g/l (outside US)

Gel

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DIQUAT DIBROMIDE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

INTRODUCED AS EXPTL HERBICIDE BY ICI 1957. BRITISH PATENT 785,732.

Lab method of general purification: recrystallization from water or aq solvent mixt.

COMMON NAMES DIQUAT & PARAQUAT REFER TO THE CATIONS, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HERBICIDAL ACTION OF THE SALTS. THE ASSOCIATED ANION (BROMIDE OR CHLORIDE) HAS NO EFFECT ON THE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY.

Incompatible with some alkyl sulfonate or alkyl aryl sulfonate wetting agents or alkali metal salts of hormone weed killers. ... Diquat may be mixed with 2,4-D, substituted ureas, uracils, dalapon, and s-triazines.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for DIQUAT DIBROMIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.