ヘプタデカフルオロオクチルスルホニルアミン

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in 26% of 299 cord blood serum samples taken from singletons born in 2004 to 2005 in Baltimore, MD at a range of not detected (detection limit 0.05 ng/mL) to 0.8 ng/mL(1). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected (detection limit 0.05 ng/mL) in all serum samples from the US population (1562 participants) as studied in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted 1999 thru 2000, with a mean concentration of 0.4 ng/mL(2). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was also detected (detection limit 0.05 ng/mL) in all serum samples from the NHANES survey conducted 2001 thru 2002 (1832 participants), with a mean concentration of 0.19 ng/mL(3). In the NHANES survey conducted 2003 thru 2004 perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected (detection limit 0.2 ug/L) in 22.2% of the 2094 serum samples analyzed(4). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in five of 65 human sera samples obtained from US biological supply companies at concentrations of 1.5 to 2.2 ppb(5). The concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonamide in the serum of 20 Atlanta residents was <0.2 to 0.7 ng/mL, samples were collected July 2003(6). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 0.7 ng/mL) in two human milk samples, collection information was not provided(6). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations in human sera were <1.3-23.5 and 1.3-26 ng/mL in samples from Michigan and Kentucky(7).

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide levels in New York State infants using Newborn Screening Programs dried blood spots analysis(1).[Table#7996]

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in human blood samples at 1.3-1.7 ng/mL in 12.5% of females and 1.5-2.3 ng/mL in 9.5% of males collected at local hospitals in Siena, Italy(1). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentration was <0.050 ng/mL (1977), increased to 0.69 ng/mL (1989) and then decreased to <0.05 ng/mL (2003) in 24 pooled serum samples from men, age 40 to 50 years, representing 1977 to 2006(2). Pooled samples were obtained from archived serum samples from a biobank at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health(2). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 1.0 ng/mL) in 15 maternal and 15 cord blood samples taken Feb to July 2003 at Hospitals in Hokkaido, Japan(3). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations in human sera were <0.4-5.6, <0.4-2.3, <1.3-2.3, <0.4-7.7, <3, <3, 1.3-11, <0.1-7.2 and <2.6-9.5 ng/mL in samples from Colombia, Brazil, Italy, Poland, Belgium, India, Malaysia, Korea and Japan, respectively(4). Whole blood samples collected in Sweden, 1997-2000 contained 0.4-22.9 pg/uL of perfluorooctanesulfonamide(5). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was found in 40 pooled serum samples collected from 3802 Australian residents collected Nov 2002 to April 2003 at 0.36 to 2.4 ng/mL(6). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in 24% of 84 pools of human blood serum taken from 2420 Queensland, Australia donors in 2006 to 2007, concentrations reported were <0.1-5 ng/mL(7). Human blood samples from volunteer donors from five Chinese cities (Shenyang, Beijing, Gulyang, Jintan, Nanjing) collected in 2004 had perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations of 0.0347 to 3.10 ng/mL(8).

Concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonamide in adult (age 19-62) human blood, 15 samples from each category, taken from citizens of Gdansk, Poland and nearby villages. Blood donations were all collected July 2003(1).[Table#7997]

For more Body Burden (Complete) data for Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3.6X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that perfluorooctanesulfonamide is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of perfluorooctanesulfonamide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.31 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(2012, SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3.6X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that perfluorooctanesulfonamide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.5 hours and 8.8 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 11 years if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3100(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 5.8(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(2012, SRC). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), perfluorooctanesulfonamide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.31 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase perfluorooctanesulfonamide is not expected to react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Contamination levels of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), including perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were determined in the livers of wild common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Lake Biwa, Japan. Potential effects of PFCs alone and combined effects by complex mixture of PFCs and dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) were also assessed by gene expression profiling using a cormorant oligo array. Perfluorooctanesulfonate, PFNA, and PFOSA were detected in almost all liver samples analyzed, while concentrations of PFHS and PFOA were below the limit of quantification. The microarray data analyses revealed that hepatic PFC levels were correlated with the expression of 74 genes. Real-time reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction data demonstrated that PFOS concentration was positively correlated with mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 and glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 and negatively correlated with levels of heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 and tumor rejection antigen 1 mRNAs. These results suggest the induction of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative stress caused by PFCs and the suppression of molecular chaperones, leading to reduction in protein stability. Moreover, multiple regression analyses identified seven significant models in which certain genes showed expression levels altered by accumulation of PFCs and DRCs. The regression models explained associations with cytochrome P450 1A mRNA and protein expression levels, and its catalytic activity, ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase of both PFNA and the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent levels. Thus, the regression models suggested the potential of PFCs to enhance toxicities of DRCs. Since mixture toxicity is an urgent issue, further study is required to understand the effects of mixtures of PFCs and DRCs in wild cormorants.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Perfluoroalkyl substances were determined in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) collected in East Greenland (69 deg 00'N to 74 deg 00''N) to compare with other populations and to examine effects of age and gender on concentrations of these contaminants. Hepatic tissue (n=29) was analyzed for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate, heptadecafluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with C9-C15 perfluorinated carbon chains by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PFOS found in samples from East Greenland (mean = 2,470 + or - 1,320 ng/g wet weight) were similar to Hudson Bay, Canada, and both populations had significantly greater concentrations than those reported for Alaska, suggesting a spatial trend. Male bears showed a significant increase in concentration up to age six for PFCAs with C10-C14 carbon chains (r2=0.50, p=0.05). Significant correlations were found between adjacent chain length PFCAs, (e.g., PFNA to PFDA: p<0.05; r2=0.90). This may indicate a common source for these chemicals, although the specifics of source and mode of transport are unknown. No significant correlations were found between concentrations of PFCAs in liver tissue and previously reported polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners analyzed in fat samples from the same bears.

Archived liver samples for northern sea otters from south-central Alaska had perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations of 2.3, 11.1, 5.2, 6.8, 9.8, 6.6, 15.2, 12.7, 3.3, 4.2, 2.3 and <1.7 ng/g wet weight in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 thru 2007, respectively(1). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (1.0 ng/g wet weight) in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) that had signs of white nose syndrome, collected from caves in eastern New York State from Feb to March 2008(2). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was found in mink liver, green frog liver and snapping turtle plasma at <2-181, <19 and <1-15.5, respectively, in samples taken from Michigan watersheds(3). One of 73 loggerhead turtles, caught off the US southeastern coast, contained perfluorooctanesulfonamide in its plasma at 61.1 pg/mL, six Kemp's ridley sea turtles were also tested, perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 50 pg/mL) in any of these(4). Eider duck and white winged scoter liver samples, collected from the Hudson Bay region of northeastern Canada May to Sept 1999 to 2003, did not contain perfluorooctanesulfonamide (detection limit 0.03 ng/g wet weight)(5). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in 27 beluga whale liver samples at 4.52-27.8 ng/g, collected from Cook Inlet, AK from 1992 to 2006 and in 41 beluga whale liver samples at 11.2-65.7 ng/g, collected from Chukchi Sea, AK from 1989 to 2000(6). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 7.5 ng/g wet weight) in 87 waterfowl (20 common merganser, 2 hooded merganser, 3 bufflehead, 31 mallard, 1 surf scoter, 1 black duck, 20 common goldeneye, 2 greater scaup, 6 lesser scaup, 1 ring-neck) liver samples collected from the Niagara River region New York from 1994 to 2000(7). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in five narwhal and five beluga sampled from the Arctic at 6.8-10.9 and 3.9-48.4 ng/g wet weight, respectively(8).

Reported perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations in beluga whales collected from the Hudson Bay region of northeastern Canada May to Sept 1999 to 2003(1).[Table#7988]

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in all the marine mammal (grey seal, minke whale, pilot whale) samples taken from Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands(1). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 2.3 ng/g wet weight) in thick-billed murres collected 1975 (5 samples), 1993 (10 samples) and 2004 (10 samples) all from Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut, Canada(2). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 2.3 ng/g wet weight) in northern fulmars collected 1975 (9 samples), 1987 (8 samples) and 2003 (9 samples), but was detected in 10 northern fulmars collected in 1993 at concentrations of 0.18-5.3 ng/g wet weight(2). Blood samples from 16 eider duck (Sommateria mollisima), collected from the Gulf of Gdansk in Feb 2003, contained perfluorooctanesulfonamide at 100-800 pg/mL(3). The concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonamide in melon headed whales stranded along the Japanese coast was 6.0 to 12.3 ng/g wet weigh in 1982, 25.3 to 111 ng/g wet weight in 2001/2002 and 11.6 to 36.3 ng/g wet weight in 2006(4). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) collected from the Cartagena Bay, Columbia, Jan 12, 2004, at 1.0-1.8, <1-2.2, <1, <1-1.5, <1-1, <1 and <1-2.7 ng/g wet weight in brain, muscle, heart, lung, spleen, liver and kidney, respectively(5). Dolphin samples from Paraiba do Sul River, Brazil had perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations of 3.38-60.5, 7.58 and 16.0 ng/g wet weight in liver, muscle and kidney tissue, respectively(6). Livers from five cormorants, two raccoon dogs, two large-bill crows, and two eagles collected from Kyoto, Japan had perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations of 87-362, 3.7-14, 0.31-1.7, and 30-59 ng/g wet weight, respectively(7). Liver samples from 29 polar bear captured in eastern Greenland contained a mean concentration of 28 ng/g wet weight of perfluorooctanesulfonamide(8). The mean concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonamide was <1.7-71.5 ng/g wet weight in liver tissue from polar bears collected at seven locations in the North American and European Arctic(9). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected in Laysan albatross liver, serum or whole egg samples or in black-footed albatross whole egg or egg yolk samples, albatross were collected from the Atlantic and India southern oceans(10). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 0.8 ng/g wet weight) in 17 little ringed plover and seven parrot bill but was detected in 40% of 20 little egret egg yolks at <0.8-4.7 ng/g wet weight, samples were collected around Lake Shihwa, Korea in May 2006(11).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of perfluorooctanesulfonamide can be estimated to be 3.6X10+5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that perfluorooctanesulfonamide is expected to be immobile in soil. The log Koc for perfluorooctanesulfonamide was 4.1 measured in three sediments(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in atmospheric samples from Barsbuttel, Germany at a maximum concentration of 0.5 pg/cu m, each sample was collected over a three to four day time span and the study was run April 2007 to June 2008(1).

INDOOR: Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected in 40 indoor air samples from Oslo, Norway households(1).

RUARL/REMOTE: Although there is limited data for atmospheric concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonamide(SRC, 2012), perfluoroalkyl contaminants have been shown to be widespread(1-2).

/BIOMONITORING/ /Reaserchers/ studied occurrence and levels of PFCs in human milk in relation to maternal serum together with the temporal trend in milk levels between 1996 and 2004 in Sweden. Matched, individual human milk and serum samples from 12 primiparous women in Sweden were analyzed together with composite milk samples (25-90 women/year) from 1996 to 2004. Eight PFCs were detected in the serum samples, and five of them were also above the detection limits in the milk samples. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) were detected in all milk samples at mean concentrations of 0.201 ng/mL and 0.085 ng/mL, respectively. Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were detected less frequently. The total PFC concentration in maternal serum was 32 ng/mL, and the corresponding milk concentration was 0.34 ng/mL. The PFOS milk level was on average 1% of the corresponding serum level. There was a strong association between increasing serum concentration and increasing milk concentration for PFOS (r(2) = 0.7) and PFHxS (r(2) = 0.8). PFOS and PFHxS levels in composite milk samples were relatively unchanged between 1996 and 2004, with a total variation of 20 and 32% coefficient of variation, respectively. The calculated total amount of PFCs transferred by lactation to a breast-fed infant in this study was approximately 200 ng/day. Lactation is a considerable source of exposure for infants, and reference concentrations for hazard assessments are needed.

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in all trout samples taken from Lake Ontario in a trend study done from 1979 to 2004(1). The concentration peaked in 1993 at about 3 ng/g (detection limit 1.8 pg/g)(1). Fish from Michigan waters did not contain perfluorooctanesulfonamide (<19 ng/g wet weight)(2). Fish samples, collected from the Hudson Bay region of northeastern Canada May to Sept 1999 to 2003, had the following perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations: 71% of capelin (whole body) at 0.17-3.2 ng/g, 100% of cod (muscle) at 0.44-4.9 ng/g and 67% of salmon (muscle) at 0.09-4.7 ng/g(3). Largemouth bass caught from lakes throughout New York from 2001 to 2003 had perfluorooctanesulfonamide concentrations of <1.5-7.6 ng/g wet weight in the liver, smallmouth bass taken in the same survey had liver concentrations of <1.5-11.4 ng/g wet weight(4).

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide in aquatic organisms at various tropic levels in a Great Lakes food chain, 1998-2001(1).[Table#8000]

Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in all freshwater fish (pike, perch, burbot, trout) samples taken from Finland, Sweden and Norway with the highest concentration reported in pike from Norway at a concentration of 141 ng/g wet weight(1). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was also detected in all marine water fish (cod, flounder, eelpout, herring, long rough dab, sculpin, dab, arctic char) samples from Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands(1). Blood samples from 18 cod (Gadus morhua), collected from the Gulf of Gdansk in Feb 2003, contained perfluorooctanesulfonamide at 1200-13,000 pg/mL(2). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected in fish bile from mullet (Mugil incilis) collected from Cartagena Bay, Totumo Marsh or Covenas off the northern coast of Columbia, samples were collected in Dec 2003(3). Ten herring, about the size a common guillemot would eat, sampled from Landsort, Baltic Sea in 2005 contained perfluorooctanesulfonamide at concentrations of 0.12 to 0.41 ng/g wet weight(4). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was detected in mussel and oyster samples collected from the east Chinese coast at 37.8-287.7 ng/g wet weight (297.6-2247.7 ng/g dry weight) and at 2957.0 ng/g wet weight (19,201.3 ng/g dry weight) in mussel and oyster samples taken from Tokyo Bay, Japan(5). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide was not detected (detection limit 0.035 ng/g) in zooplankton, clams, shrimp, Arctic cod or redfish(6).

The concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonamide was reported in fish sampled from Lake Vattern, Sweden and the Baltic Sea in 2001 with the following results in ng/g fresh weight(1).[Table#8001]

For more Fish/Seafood Concentrations (Complete) data for Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Perfluorochemicals like perfluorooctanesulfonamide have been widely used since the 1950s in many industrial and consumer products, including protective coatings for fabrics and carpet, paper coatings, insecticide formulations, and surfactants(1). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide's production and use may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Certain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates. (a) Chemical substances and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substances listed in Table 1 /including 1-Octanesulfonamide, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluoro-/ ... of this section are subject to reporting under this section for the significant new uses described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. ... (2) The significant new uses are: ... (ii) Any manufacture or import for any use of any chemical substance listed in Table 2 of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, except as noted in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. ... (3) Manufacture or import of any chemical substance listed in Table 2 ... for the following specific uses shall not be considered as a significant new use subject to reporting under this section: (i) Use as an anti-erosion additive in fire-resistant phosphate ester aviation hydraulic fluids. (ii) Use as a component of a photoresist substance, including a photo acid generator or surfactant, or as a component of an anti-reflective coating, used in a photomicrolithography process to produce semiconductors or similar components of electronic or other miniaturized devices. (iii) Use in coating for surface tension, static discharge, and adhesion control for analog and digital imaging films, papers, and printing plates, or as a surfactant in mixtures used to process imaging films. (iv) Use as an intermediate only to produce other chemical substances to be used solely for the uses listed in paragraph (a)(3)(i), (ii), or (iii) of this section.