delta-Gluconolactone

Cosmetic ingredients (Glucarolactone) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Cosmetic ingredients (Gluconolactone) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Skin conditioning; Solvent; Humectant

Freely soluble in water. Sparingly soluble in ethanol

1 gram in 100 grams alcohol; insoluble in ether and acetone.

In water, 5.9X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

590.0 mg/mL

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 98.7% (231 of 234) of all reports.

Not Classified

Aggregated GHS information provided per 234 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Chemical: D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone

D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 20-06-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/1952

Gluconolactone: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Not irritating or sensitizing; No significant adverse effects observed in sub-chronic or chronic animal studies; No evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity; [OECD SIDS: Gluconic acid and its derivatives - 2004] Hydrolyzed by water forming gluconic acid; [Merck Index] May cause irritation; [Alfa Aesar MSDS] See Gluconic acid.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that gluconolactone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process given an estimated Henry's law constant of 1.4X10-9 atm cu m/mol(SRC), derived from a structure estimation method(4). Gluconolactone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces given an estimated vapor pressure of 2.8X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). A screening study indicates that gluconolactone may be susceptible to biodegradation under aerobic conditions(6), and under anaerobic conditions the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi rapidly ferments gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide(7), suggesting that biodegradation may occur in soil(SRC). Hydrolysis of gluconolactone to gluconic acid should occur rapidly in moist soils given a hydrolysis half-life of about 10 minutes at pH 6.6 and 60 minutes at pH 4(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that gluconolactone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process(3), based upon an estimated Henry's law constant of 1.4X10-9 atm cu m/mol(SRC), derived from a structure estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -1.98(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Limited data suggest that biodegradation may occur in aquatic environments(8,9); however, hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant environmental fate process in water(SRC). Hydrolysis of gluconolactone to gluconic acid occurs rapidly, with a half-life of about 10 minutes at pH 6.6 and 60 minutes at pH 4(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), gluconolactone, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.8X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase gluconolactone is removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Additionally, the Panel concluded the available data are insufficient to make a determination that Glucarolactone is safe under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.

The available data are insufficient to support safety

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for gluconolactone can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that gluconolactone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

Biological oxidation of glucose at the C1 position by dehydrogenases or oxidases yields gluconolactone(1). Incomplete oxidation of sugars in fruits and nectar by bacteria and fungi may lead to acidification and the accumulation of gluconolactone(1).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...We have performed a double-blind clinical trial on 150 patients to evaluate the efficacy and skin tolerance of the alpha hydroxy acid gluconolactone 14% in solution (Nuvoderm lotion) in the treatment of mild to moderate acne when compared with its vehicle (placebo) and 5% benzoyl peroxide lotion. The results of this study showed that both gluconolactone and benzoyl peroxide had a significant effect in improving patients' acne by reducing the number of lesions (inflamed and non-inflamed). Furthermore, fewer side-effects were experienced by patients treated with gluconolactone when compared with benzoyl peroxide

Gluconolactone's production and use in cleaning compounds, dairy industry to prevent milkstone, in breweries to prevent beerstone, as a coagulant for tofu and as a latent acid catalyst(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Gluconolactone is allowed for use in human food as a curing and pickling agent, a leavening agent, a pH control agent, and a sequestrant(2), and in some cosmetics to act as a sunscreen(3).

AEROBIC: The 5-day theoretical BOD of gluconolactone was reported as 52%(1).

ANAEROBIC: Under anaerobic conditions, the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi rapidly ferments gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide(1).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for gluconolactone(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -1.98(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for gluconolactone is estimated as 1.4X10-9 atm cu m/mol(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that gluconolactone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Gluconolactone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.8X10-9 mm Hg(SRC) determined from a fragment constant method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of gluconolactone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(SRC), using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Gluconolactone absorbs light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis(2); however the rate of this potential reaction is not known. Gluconolactone hydrolyzes to gluconic acid with a half-life of about 10 minutes at pH 6.6 and 60 minutes at pH 4(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 184,229 workers (157,249 of these are female) are potentially exposed to gluconolactone in the US(1). Occupational exposure to gluconolactone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where gluconolactone is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to this compound by ingestion of foods containing gluconolactone and dermal contact with cosmetic products that use this compound as a sunscreen(SRC).

Gluconolactone's production and use in cleaning compounds, the dairy industry, breweries, and as a latent acid catalyst, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Gluconolactone is also used as a food additive and in some cosmetics as a sunscreen. The biological oxidation of glucose also leads to the formation of gluconolactone. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.8X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates gluconolactone will exist solely in the particulate-phase. Particulate-phase gluconolactone is removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, gluconolactone is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Gluconolactone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its estimated vapor pressure. A screening study indicates that gluconolactone may be susceptible to biodegradation under aerobic conditions, and under anaerobic conditions the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi rapidly ferments gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide. If released into water, gluconolactone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant environmental fate process for gluconolactone in water. The hydrolysis half-lives of gluconolactone at pH 6.6 and 4 are 10 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to gluconolactone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to this compound by ingestion of foods containing gluconolactone and dermal contact with cosmetic products that use this compound as a sunscreen. (SRC)

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GLUCONOLACTONE

Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Calculi Dissolution Agent

Mechanisms of Action [MoA] - Irrigation

Gluconolactone is a Calculi Dissolution Agent. The mechanism of action of gluconolactone is as an Irrigation.

CIR ingredient: Glucarolactone

CIR ingredient: Gluconolactone

Used in cleaning compounds, the dairy and brewery industries, textile printing, and tofu production (coagulant); [Merck Index] Used as a curing or pickling agent, flavoring agent, formulation aid, leavening agent, pH control agent, and sequestrant for foods; [FDA] Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products; [EPA] Important intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism in mammals; Used for industrial cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleach stabilizing, aluminum processing, and as a chelating agent in cement set retarding, cleaning products, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foods; [OECD SIDS: Gluconic acid and its derivatives - 2004]

Aluminum Producing [Category: Industry]

Component of many cleaning compounds because of the sequestering ability of the gluconate radical which remains active in alkaline solutions; in the dairy industry to prevent milkstone; in breweries to prevent beerstone; as latent acid catalyst for acid colloid resins, particularly in textile printing; as a coagulant for tofu.

Sequestering agent

2023: 3,750,236 lb

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

(1986) >1 million - 10 million pounds

(1990) >1 million - 10 million pounds

(1994) >1 million - 10 million pounds

(2002) 10 thousand - 500 thousand pounds

By oxidation of glucose with bromine water ... by oxidation of glucose in Acetobacter suboxydans

Glucono-1,5-lactone crystallizes from a supersaturated aqueous gluconic acid solution between 36 and 57 °C. A two-step continuous crystallization is said to result in increased productivity per unit volume under conditions that are favorable in terms of energy consumption. In the first step, a crystalline suspension (3 to 10 % crystalline material) is produced in a supersaturated gluconic acid solution held at 65 to 75 °C. The second step involves controlled cooling to 40 to 45 °C, followed by a period of crystal maturation at constant temperature. A portion of the resulting crystalline suspension is then recycled to the first step. ... The 1,5-lactone may also be obtained from an aqueous gluconic acid solution by dehydration involving azeotropic distillation with alcohols, followed by crystallization from the alcohol-containing residue. Crystallization above 70 °C leads to the 1,4-lactone.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Preservatives and Antioxidants;Processing Aids and Additives

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Food additives

Food Additives -> ACID; ACIDITY_REGULATOR; RAISING_AGENT; SEQUESTRANT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> ACID; ACIDITY_REGULATOR; RAISING_AGENT; SEQUESTRANT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> ACID; ACIDITY_REGULATOR; RAISING_AGENT; SEQUESTRANT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)

D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone: ACTIVE

Structure: J Stanek et al, The Monosaccharides (Academic Press, NY 1963) p 271.

/Glucono-delta-lactone is direct food additive limited by meat inspection div to use at/ 8 oz/100 lb of cured, comminuted meat or meat product to speed up color-fixing process & to reduce time required for smoking; must be listed in product ingredient statement.