Bentonite

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

In case of fire in the surroundings; all extinguishing agents allowed.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Bentonite should be stored in an airtight contaner in a cool, dry place.

Bentonite is hygroscopic, and sorption of atmospheric water should be avoided.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Numerous studies have established that aflatoxin is a potent developmental toxin in animals. Previous research has demonstrated that a phyllosilicate clay, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS or Novasil), tightly binds and immobilizes aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and markedly reduces the bioavailability and toxicity of aflatoxin. Our objective in this study was to utilize the pregnant rat as an in vivo model to compare the potential of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and bentonite to prevent the developmental toxicity of aflatoxin. Aluminosilicates (HSCAS) and bentonite were added to the diet at a level of 0.5% (w/w) and fed to the pregnant rat throughout pregnancy (ie days 0-20). Test animals were fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet (2.5 mg kg(-1) diet) with or without sorbents during gestation days 6-15. Evaluations of toxicity were performed on day 20. These included maternal (mortality, body weights, feed intake and litter weights), developmental (embryonic resorptions and fetal body weights) and biochemical (ALT, AST and AP) evaluations. Sorbents alone were not toxic and aflatoxin alone resulted in significant maternal and developmental toxicity. Animals treated with phyllosilicate (plus aflatoxin) were comparable to controls following evaluations for resorptions, live fetuses and fetal body weights, as well as biochemical parameters. While bentonite plus aflatoxin resulted in significant reduction in fetal body weight, none of the fetuses from hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate or bentonite plus aflatoxin-treated groups had any gross, internal soft tissue or major skeletal malformations.

Molasses, sodium bentonite (montmorillonite clay) and zeolite (crushed clinoptilolite rock) were examined as supplement ingredients to improve the safety margin of urea supplementation in a series of seven experiments. These experiments were designed to provide an understanding of the relationship between urea intake and the influence of the above ingredients on rumen pH and total ammonia concentrations. Rumen fistulated Merino ewes of 35-40 kg live weight were administered various amounts of urea with and without supplement mixes. Rumen parameters were measured at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 24 h after treatment administration. Acetic acid and sucrose were also tested together with molasses for comparative effects on rumen parameters. In the last experiment, blood pH and total plasma ammonia were also determined. Free ammonia values of rumen liquor were calculated for experiments 2 to 7. In four experiments, molasses at 50, 100 and/or 150 g mixed with urea significantly reduced the normal rapid rise in ruminal pH, total and free ammonia values compared with urea (10 g) only treatments. In two experiments, associated presence or absence of clinical toxicity at various quantities of urea (8 to 25 g) with and without active ingredients confirmed the positive effect of molasses in preventing toxicity at : 0.44 g urea/kg liveweight. The addition of molasses reduced the increase in ruminal pH by up to 0.5 pH units and absolute values were consistently below pH 7.0. Sucrose (100 g) and acetic acid (800 ml of 1 M) had the same and greater effect, respectively, compared with molasses (150 g) when added with urea (10 g) on ruminal pH and total and free ammonia changes over five hours post treatment. The partly hydrated urea/bentonite mix (approx 1:1 bentonite:water ratio) was associated with a delay in the increases in ruminal pH and free ammonia concentrations. Bentonite mixes, in either fully hydrated or fully dehydrated states, and zeolite mixes resulted in no significant effects. With reference to previous reports, the results support the positive role of a stable acid pH in the rumen for ensuring safe urea supplementation.

...Ingestion of large quantities of clay substances, such as bentonite, can result in gastrointestinal binding of essential electrolytes and possible obstruction. ...

/Investigators/ gave subplantar injections of 0.05 mL of a 5% solution of Bentonite to male Wistar rats. The rats either received both hind paw injections at an interval of 24 hr or their left paw was injected with Bentonite and their right paw injected with 0.05 mL of a 10% solution of Kaolin. The injection was of Kaolin. Subcutaneous Bentonite granulomas were produced on the left side, both dorsally and ventrally. Simultaneously Kaolin granulomas were produced on the right side analogous to the Bentonite injection. Sodium salicylate and prednisone suppressed the Bentonite edema during the first 24 hr. The presence of mononuclear cells was confirmed.

/Investigators/ administered a single dose of 40 mg of Bentonite suspended in 1 mL of physiological saline containing 40,000 IU of crystalline penicillin intratracheally to male CFY rats. The Bentonite's composition consisted of 73% Montmorillonite, 18% cristobalite, 3% quartz, 3% feldspar, and 3% other minerals. Particle sizes were <2 um. The control group received 1 mL of physiological saline containing 40,000 IU of crystalline penicillin. Animals were killed 12, 24, 48, or 72 hr or 90 days after exposure. Body and lung weight of the rats were measured. The right lung was fixed and sectioned for microscopic examination. The lipids and phospholipids were analyzed in the left lung. The body weights of the rats were moderately decreased and the lung weight increased 72 hr after Bentonite exposure. After 90 days, the lung weight was only slightly greater than that of the control animals. Upon microscopic examination at 12 hr, Bentonite exposure had resulted in a nonspecific inflammation of mostly neutrophils with perivascular edema, alveolitis, and incipient bronchopneumonia. A small number of macrophages and lymphocytes were detected. Dust particles were observed in the leukocytes and macrophages or extracellularly in the alveoli. After the 24th hr, bronchopneumonia was present after coalescence of the inflammatory foci; the pneumonia then became necrotizing and desquamative. Necrotic neutrophilic leukocytes and eosinophil leukocytes were observed. The reticular network collapsed between the 48th and 72nd hr. Exposure after 90 days included dust storage foci filled with large foamy cells with pale cytoplasm. Closely packed cells with dark cytoplasm and nuclei were located at the periphery. After 12 and 24 hr, the amount of lipids and phospholipids in the lungs was not altered. However, between 48 and 72 hr, the lipid and phospholipid content increase but distribution remained the same. After 90 days the value was the same as seen at 72 hr.

Poor aqueous solubility and the unpleasant taste of aripiprazole (APZ) have been recurring problems, owing to its low bioavailability and low patient tolerance, respectively. Herein, we prepared a nanohybrid system that was based on a bentonite clay material, montmorillonite (MMT), which could both mask the taste and enhance the solubility of APZ (i.e., APZ-MMT). To further improve the efficacy of this taste masking and drug solubility, APZ-MMT was also coated with a cationic polymer, polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate (AEA). In vitro dissolution tests at neutral pH showed that the amount of drug that was released from the AEA-coated APZ-MMT was greatly suppressed (<1%) for the first 3 min, thus suggesting that AEA-coated APZ-MMT has strong potential for the taste masking of APZ. Notably, in simulated gastric juice at pH 1.2, the total percentage of APZ that was released within the first 2 hr increased up to 95% for AEA-coated APZ-MMT. Furthermore, this in vitro release profile was also similar to that of Abilify(c), a commercially available medication. In vivo experiments by using Sprague-Dawley rats were also performed to compare the pharmacokinetics of AEA-coated APZ-MMT and Abilify(c). AEA-coated APZ-MMT exhibited about 20% higher systemic exposure of APZ and its metabolite, dehydro-APZ, compared with Abilify(c). Therefore, a new MMT-based nanovehicle, which is coated with a cationic polymer, can act as a promising delivery system for both taste masking and for enhancing the bioavailability of APZ.

The Panel also concluded that the following 7 ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practice of use and concentration described in this safety assessment, with the exception that the available data are insufficient to make a determination of safety for these ingredients in products that may be incidentally inhaled: Bentonite

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

The Panel also concluded that the following 7 ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practice of use and concentration described in this safety assessment, with the exception that the available data are insufficient to make a determination of safety for these ingredients in products that may be incidentally inhaled:Montmorillonite

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

IDENTIFICATION: Bentonite is a rock formed of highly colloidal and plastic clays composed mainly of montmorillonite and produced in situ devitrification of volcanic ash. It may contain feldspar, cristobalite and crystaline quartz. Major uses of bentonite include binding foundry sand in molds, absorbing grease, oil and animal wastes; palletizing taconite iron ore and improving the properties of drilling muds. It is used as an ingredient in ceramics, water proofing and sealing in civil engineering projects such as landfill sites and nuclear waste repositories, serving as a filter, stabilizer or extender in adhesives, paints, cosmetics and medicines. It is used as a bonding agent in animal feed, carrier for pesticides, clarifying wine and vegetable oil and purifying waste water. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In the view of widespread distribution of bentonite in nature and its use in various consumer products, general population exposure to low concentrations is ubiquitous. Occupational exposure to bentonite dust from mining, processing and user industries is a factor. ANIMAL STUDIES: Single intratracheal injection into rodents of bentonite and montmorillonite with low quartz content caused dose and particle side dependent effects, as well as transient local inflammation, which included edema and increased lung weight. Single intratracheal exposures of rats to bentonite caused storage foci in the lungs. After intratracheal exposure of rats to this material with high quartz content, fibrosis is noted. Mice maintained on diets containing bentonite displayed slightly reduced growth rates. Mice treated with higher doses showed minimal growth and fatty livers and fibrosis of the liver and benign hepatomas. Bentonite increased the susceptibility of mice to pulmonary infection. In vitro studies of the effects of bentonite on a variety of mammalian cell types indicated a high degree of cytotoxicity. Limited studies did not demonstrate developmental toxicity in rats after oral exposure to bentonite. No adequate studies are available on the carcinogenicity of bentonite.[

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The present study was designed to investigate the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on dietary Cd-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of carp (Carassius auratus). One hundred eighty carp were randomly divided into four groups and fed with a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% MMT, Cd-comtaminated basal diet (120 mg Cd/kg dry weight) and Cd-contaminated basal diet supplemented with 0.5% MMT, respectively. After 60 days, fish were sacrificed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidative indices in liver and kidney. The results showed that the exposure of carp to dietary Cd caused decreases in glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content and total antioxidant capacity level, while MMT supplemented in diet compensated Cd-induced decreases in above antioxidant indices to some extent in liver and kidney. As compared with the control group, increases in MDA content were observed in both measured tissues of carp exposed to dietary Cd, while MDA content decreased in carp exposed to Cd-contaminated basal diet supplemented with MMT in comparison with the Cd-contaminated group. It was suggested that MMT, when co-administered with Cd in diet, could alleviate dietary Cd-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of carp.

Cough.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Clay of montmorillonite type, derived primarily from alteration of volcanic ash. Two distinct types of bentonite are (1) Wyoming and South Dakota deposits referred to as sodium montmorillonite having high gelling, swelling, and viscosity properties and (2) Mississippi bentonite referred to as calcium montmorillonite with little or no swelling capacity. /PRC: See CAS/RN 61029-13-8 & 1318-93-0/

Colloidal native hydrated aluminum silicate (clay) found in midwest of USA and in Canada. Consists principally of montmorillonite, Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O.

Wyoming; Mississippi; Texas; Canada; Italy; the former U.S.S.R.

The largest and highest quality sodium bentonite deposits in the world are located in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana ... The Clay Spur bentonite bed extends west from Belle Fourche, SD, and then north into Alberta, Canada.

For more Natural Pollution Sources (Complete) data for BENTONITE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Montmorillonite is ubiquitous in low concentrations worldwide in soil, sediment, and airborne dusts(1). The highest quality sodium bentonite deposits, which contain sodium montmorillonite, are located in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. High quality calcium bentonite deposits, which contain calcium montmorillonite, are located in Texas and Mississippi, along with Arizona, Alabama, and Nevada(2).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Effects of bentonite in workers in processing plant...very high incidence of bronchial asthma (25%) in workers examined, and attributed this to the irritant action of the bentonite dust on the bronchial epithelium.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Investigators/ reported radiological evidence, not supported by autopsy, of significant damage to lungs following exposures to bentonite or montmorillonite dust of 10-42 years.

/CASE REPORTS/ Five workers exposed to bentonite or Fuller's earth for periods ranging from less than 15 years to more than 40 years developed dyspnea, in some cases accompanied by cough and sputum, and pneumoconiosis. The general characteristics of the pneumoconiosis of the above five workers, as revealed on autopsy, included emphysema, lesions, numerous firm black patches and nodules 1- 20 mm in diameter, dilated air sacs, adhesions, isolated cavities filled with "black sludge," and other evidence of physical deterioration. ...The accumulated dust amounted to 128 mg/g of dry lung (analyzed by transmission electron microscopy). There was very little or no fibrosis of the type associated with silicosis. Microscopic examination of lung tissue revealed that the nodules were aggregates of fine brown pigment lying free in tissue spaces or contained in macrophages held in a fine reticulum.

/CASE REPORTS/ /Investigators/ demonstrate that exposure to bentonite dust containing 5-11% silica can lead to silicosis. Exposure to this bentonite dust for 10 years with no other known exposure to silica dust led to advanced silicosis in three workers and to death, apparently from silicosis, in one of these three. All showed radiological evidence of silicosis, and the presence of silica in the lungs was confirmed by biopsy in one case.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENTONITE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Investigators/ reported radiological evidence, not supported by autopsy, of significant damage to lungs following exposures to bentonite or montmorillonite dust of 10-42 years.

Bentonite's production and use in domestic products, cat litter, construction materials, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, beer and wine production and cosmetics(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in drilling muds, in agricultural practice as a carrier and an animal feed binder(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

Montmorillonite's production and use in a wide variety of product types, including bath products, makeup and skin care products(1), lubricating greases; inks; paints; oil-based drilling fluids, adhesives; as granular in pet litter; to clarify wines, cider, beer; as floor absorbents; and in water clarification(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as carriers and diluents in pesticide preparations(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Ten (5M:5F) albino rats, 200 - 254 g, each received a single oral dose of the test article at a concentration of 5 grams per kilogram bodyweight. Animals were observed for pharmacologic activity and drug toxicity 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after treatment, and daily thereafter for a total of 14 days. Non-survivors and animals surviving the 14 day observation period were subjected to gross necropsy, with all findings noted. The test article was used as a 25 % gravimetric corn oil suspension. Dose Level:5 mg/kg Mortality: 0 % This test article is not toxic orally to rats under conditions of this test.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Ten (5M:5F) albino rats, 210 - 298 g, were exposed to the test article at an atmospheric concentration of 200 milligrams per liter for 1 hour. Animals were observed for pharmacotoxic effects and mortality 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after treatment, and daily thereafter for a total of 14 days. Non-survivors and animals sacrificed at the end of the 14 day observation period were subjected to gross necropsy, with all findings noted. The test article was used as received. Dose Level: 200 mg/L Mortality: 0 % The test article is not toxic to rats by inhalation under conditions of this test.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Six (3M:3F) New Zealand white rabbits, 2.31- 3.19 kilograms, each received a single dermal application of the test article at a dose level of 2 grams per kilogram bodyweight. The skin of three (3J animals (2M:1F) was abraded; the remaining animals' skin remained intact. The test sites were occluded for 24 hours, at which time the occlusive wrap and any remaining test article were removed. Animals were observed for pharmacologic activity 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after treatment, and daily thereafter for a total of 14 days. Non-survivors and animals surviving the 14 day observation period were subjected to gross necropsy, with all findings noted. The test article was moistened with saline. Dose Level: 2 g/kg. Mortality: 0 % This test article is not toxic dermally to rabbits under conditions of this test.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Six (6) New Zealand white rabbits each received a single dermal application of 0.5 gram of the test article on two test sites, one abraded and one intact. The test sites were occluded for 24 hours, and were observed individually for erythema, edema, and other effects 24 and 72 hours after application. Mean scores from the 24 and 72 hour readings were averaged to determine the primary irritation index. The test article was moistened with water prior to use. Primary Irritation Index: 0.25. The test article is not a primary dermal irritant to rabbits under conditions of this test.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENTONITE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Single intratracheal injection into rodents of bentonite and montmorillonite with low content of quartz produced dose- and particle size-dependent cytotoxic effects, as well as transient local inflammation, the signs of which included edema and, consequently, increased lung weight.

Bentonite is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Bentonite used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Residues of bentonite are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: solid diluent, carrier.