0.864 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.8698 g/cu cm at 25 °CCritical density: 2.66 mmol/cu mCritical volume: 376.0 cu m/molRelative density (water = 1): 0.86 (20 °C)0.8598 @25 °C0.868 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Viscosity
0.581 mPa.s at 25 °C0.58 mPa*s at 25 °C
Color/Form
Clear, colorless liquidColor: Saybolt units +30 (research, pure and technical grades)
溶解度
Insoluble (NTP, 1992)In water, 1.61X10+2 mg/L at 25 °C.In water, 160 mg/L at 25 °C (average of 13 literature values ranging from 134-206 mg/L at 25 °C)Miscible with acetone, alcohol, ether, benzenesoluble in chloroformSolubility in water, g/l at 25 °C: 0.174 (very slightly soluble)アルコールやエーテルを含む多くの有機溶媒と混和可能有機溶剤と混和します。水と混和しない。
Corrosivity
No reaction with common materials
引火点
85 °F (NTP, 1992)25.0 °C (77.0 °F) - closed cup77 °F (25 °C) (closed cup)25 °C c.c.82 °F
沸点
282.4 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)139.1 °Cp-Xylene and m-xylene cannot be separated by distillation because their boiling points are too close.139 °C139.07 °C @760 [mm Hg]282 °F138-139 °C (lit.)
Decomposition
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides.When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
融点
-54.2 °F (NTP, 1992)-47.85 °C-48 °C-47.8 °C-54 °F-48 °C (lit.)
蒸気密度
3.7 (vs air)
蒸気圧
16 mm Hg ( 37.7 °C)
屈折率
n20/D 1.497(lit.)
貯蔵条件
2-8°C
外観・状態
液体
pKa（酸解離定数）
>15 (Christensen et al., 1975)
色
無色
臭気閾値
0.041ppm
爆発限界
1.1-7%(V)
比熱容量
Cp(liquid): 1.72 J/(g·K), at 25℃
Merck
14,10081
BRN
605441
ヘンリー定数
14.80 at 45.00 °C, 17.26.4 at 50.00 °C, 19.90 at 55.00 °C, 23.01.3 at 60.00 °C, 27.46.3 at 70.00 °C (static headspace-GC, Park et al., 2004)
誘電率
2.3999999999999999
化粧品成分の機能
香料香料溶媒
InChI
1S/C8H10/c1-7-4-3-5-8(2)6-7/h3-6H,1-2H3
InChIKey
IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
Cc1cccc(C)c1
LogP（分配係数）
3.16 at 20℃
表面張力
28.47mN/m at 298.15K
CAS データベース
108-38-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NISTの化学物質情報
Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl-(108-38-3)
EPAの化学物質情報
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
ECETOC JACC REPORT
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
化学的特性
Xylene exists in three isomeric forms, ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene. Commercial xylene is a mixture of these three isomers and may also contain ethylbenzene as well as small amounts of toluene, trimethylbenzene, phenol, thiophene, pyridine, and other nonaromatic hydrocarbons. m-Xylene is predominant in commercial xylene.
化学性质
キシレンはベンゼン環に対位に二つのメチル基を持つ芳香族炭化水素である。
安全性と法規制
GHS 分類
WarningH226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.8% (11 of 1386) of reports.
規制情報
Chemical: Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl-Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 06-10-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14230Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl-: HSNO Approval: HSR001236 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)
その他の安全情報
IMAP assessments - Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl-: Environment tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Xylenes: Human health tier II assessment
輸送ラベル（DOT）
Flammable Liquid
火災危険
Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)Flammable. Above 25 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.
火災の可能性
Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame
健康有害性
Vapors cause headache and dizziness. Liquid irritates eyes and skin. If taken into lungs, causes severe coughing, distress, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema. If ingested, causes nausea, vomiting, cramps, headache, and comacan be fatal. Kidney and liver damage can occur. (USCG, 1999)
有害性の概要
A skin and eye irritant
用途
用途
イソフタル酸?メタキシレンジアミン原料，キシレン樹脂原料。
使用
m-Xylene is used in the production of isophthalic acid, which is a monomer and utilized in preparation of polyethylene terephthalate. It is used as an important starting material in the production of 2,4- and 2,6-xylidine. It is used as solvent in histology.
一般的な説明
A colorless watery liquid with a sweet odor. Less dense than water. Insoluble in water. Irritating vapor.
製法・合成法
合成方法
トリメチルベンゼンとトルエンのトランスアルキル化反応などから得られる。
純化方法
The general purification methods listed under xylene are applicable. The o-and p-isomers can be removed by their selective oxidation when a m-xylene sample containing them is boiled with dilute HNO3 (one part conc acid to three parts water). After washing with water and alkali, the product can be steam distilled, collected as for o-xylene, then distilled and purified further by sulfonation. [Clarke & Taylor J Am Chem Soc 45 831 1923.] m-Xylene is selectively sulfonated when a mixture of xylenes is refluxed with the theoretical amount of 50-70% H2SO4 at 85-95o under reduced pressure. By using a still resembling a Dean and Stark apparatus, water in the condensate can be progressively withdrawn while the xylene is returned to the reaction vessel. After cooling, then adding water, unreacted xylenes are distilled off under reduced pressure. The m-xylene sulfonic acid is subsequently hydrolysed by steam distillation up to 140o, the free m-xylene is washed, dried with silica gel and again distilled. It is stored over molecular sieves Linde type 4A. [Beilstein 5 H 370, 5 I 182, 5 II 287, 5 III 823, 5 IV 932.]
May have CNS effects
An aspiration hazard by ingestion
May have adverse effects on human reproduction or development, based on animal studies
[ICSC] May cause smarting and reddening of skin if spilled and allowed to remain on clothes
High vapor concentrations may cause mild smarting of eyes and respiratory system
May cause liver and kidney injury
[CHRIS] A local irritant
Inhalation of high concentrations may cause narcotic effects, severe coughing, and pulmonary edema
Ingestion may cause kidney and liver injury
[NTP] A skin and strong eye irritant
Harmful by inhalation and skin absorption
May cause narcosis, lung irritation, chest pain, pulmonary edema, CNS depression, blood disorders, liver and kidney injury, and reproductive disorders
[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Xylene isomers.
The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 3-xylene stem from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Exposure to this clear, colorless sweet-smelling liquid may occur from its use as a chemical intermediate, as a component of gasoline, and as an industrial solvent. Toxic by all routes of exposure (ie, dermal, ingestion, and inhalation), 3-xylene can cause effects including headache, dizziness, skin and eye irritation, kidney and liver damage, pulmonary edema, coma, and death. The ACGIH recommends a workplace exposure limit (TLV) of 100 ppm as an 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA)
however, to assure protection, wear an approved canister or air-supplied mask, face shield, plastic gloves, and boots and use non-sparking tools when handling 3-xylene. In emergency situations, a self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing are recommended. If contact does occur, immediately flush exposed eyes with running water, wash exposed skin with soap and water, and remove contaminated clothing. Individuals with diseases of the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, and blood should be protected from exposure. 3-Xylene is easily ignitable by heat, sparks, or flame (flash point: 25 °C, closed cup) and may do so explosively in an enclosed area. Also, vapor may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. The heat of a fire may cause containers to explode and/or cause thermal degradation of 3-xylene, producing acrid smoke and toxic gases. Fires involving 3-xylene may be extinguished with dry chemical, CO2, water spray, fog, or foam. For massive fires in enclosed areas, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. If a 3-xylene tank car or truck is involved in a fire, isolate 1/2 mile in all directions. Runoff from fire control water may cause pollution, and, upon entering a sewer, may create an explosion hazard. Storage of 3-xylene is preferably in outdoor or detached areas, away from heat, any sources of ignition, oxidizi
輸送番号・ガイド（DOT）
1307 130
反応性グループ
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
UN 分類
UN Hazard Class: 3UN Pack Group: III
Special Reports
WHOEnvironmental Health Criteria 190: Xylenes (1997)[Available from, as of July 19, 2016: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc190.htm]US EPAToxicological Reviw of Xylenes (CAS No. 1330-20-7) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)(January 2003).[Available from, as of July 29, 2016: https://www.epa.gov/iris]American Chemistry Council Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes VCCEP ConsortiumXylenes Category: m-Xylene (CAS No. 108-38-3), o-Xylene (CAS No. 95-47-6), p-Xylene (CAS No. 106-42-3), Mixed Xylenes (CAS No. 1330-20-7) Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission Docket Number OPPTS - 00274D October 6, 2005. With Appendix A - Xylenes Exposure (60 pp), Appendix B -Xylenes Robust Summaries (75 pp.) and Appendix C - Xylenes PBPK Modeling (PDF) (34 pp.).[Available from, as of July 19, 2016: https://java.epa.gov/chemview]U.S. EPA Risk Assessment Division, OPPTSVoluntary Childrens Chemical Evaluation Program: Data Needs Assessment of Xylenes. 19 pp. (March 2007).[Available from, as of July 19, 2016: https://java.epa.gov/chemview]For more Special Reports (Complete) data for 3-XYLENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
RCRA 要件
F003When xylene is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F003), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations. /Xylenes/U239As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when xylene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). /Xylenes/
消火
Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.Fire Extinguishing Agents: Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.
応急処置措置
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .
応急処置
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated areatake deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be usedif not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)(General first aid procedures)Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.Breathing: Respiratory supportSwallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
安全保管
Fireproof. Store only in original container. Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.
暴露管理・個人防護
Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Xylenes (technical or commercial grades): 0.3 g/g creatine methylhippuric acids in urine at end of shift[ACGIH TLVs and BEIs]100.0 [ppm]
消火手順
Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.Use water spray to cool unopened containers.Foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Cool exposed containers with water.
保管条件
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.Protect containers against physical damage. Outdoor or detached storage is preferable. Indoor storage should be in a standard flammable liquid storage room.
清掃方法
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.
非火災時の漏出対応
SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator away from oxidizers. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)
処分方法
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U239 and F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this materialContaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
漏出処分
Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
Preventive Measures
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 3-XYLENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
体内負荷
... m-Xylene ... /was/ detected in brain, liver, lung, vitreous fluid, kidney, and blood of two individuals who died from exposure to painting sprays by packed and open tubular gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy.The mean concentration of 3-/4-xylene was 0.21 ng/mL in the blood of 134 school-age children that participated in the School Health Initiative: Environment, Learning, Disease (SHIELD) study in Minneapolis, MN(1). The mean concentration of 3-/4-xylene was 0.32 ng/mL in the blood of 43 children living in an inner city neighborhood of Minneapolis, MN(2). A median measured personal 3-/4-xylene concentration of 4.4 ug/cu m was determined for participants of the BEAM study which included 55 individuals employed in nonmanufacturing workplaces, including schools and offices, and living in suburban or urban locations in the greater Boston, MA area(3).Expired air samples from 54 normal, healthy volunteers from an urban population in Chicago, IL had mean levels of 3-xylene of 0.0003 mg/cu m(1). Expired air samples from urban residents of two New Jersey cities had a mean value of 0.009 mg/cu m for combined 3-/4-xylene. Levels were higher in persons who pumped their own gasoline or were exposed to auto and truck exhaust(1). Blood samples collected from a reference group of a non-occupationally exposed US population contained combined 3-/4-xylene at a mean concentration of 0.37 ppb (median = 0.19, n = 649)(2). 100% of expired air samples from 26 smokers and 43 non-smokers contained 3-/4-xylene, combined(3). Expired air samples collected from 28 healthy human subjects contained 3-xylene at a mean concentration of 0.35 ng/L(4). Expired air samples collected from 54 healthy human subjects contained 3-xylene at a mean concentration of 0.324 ng/L (15.8% positive samples)(5). 100% of human adipose tissue samples collected for the National Human Adipose Tissue Survey, contained xylene, unspecified isomer, with wet tissue concentrations of 0.4-400 ng/gthe greatest concns were found in the South Atlantic region for people 15-45+ years of age(6).The reported mean concentration of 3-/4-xylene measured in the personal air of 36 high school students in New York City participating in the TEACH study was 10.9 ug/cu m in the summer and 6.71 ug/cu m in the winter(1).Personal air samples collected from 340 residents fall 1981, 150 residents in summer 1982, and 49 residents from Elizabeth-Bayonne NJ in winter 1983 contained 3-/4-xylene combined, at average concns of 52, 37, and 36 ug/cu m, respectively, for 12 hour samples. Personal air samples collected from 110 Los Angeles, CA residents in winter 1984, 50 Los Angeles, CA residents in spring 1984, and from Contra Costa, CA residents in summer 1984 contained 3-/4-xylene, combined, at average concns of 18, 12, and 5.5 ug/cu m, respectively, for 12 hour samples(1).
Treatment
If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.
相互作用
Ingestion of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) prior to exposure to m-xylene (6.0 or 11.5 mmol/cu m) produced a marked alteration in xylene kinetics. Blood xylene level rose and urinary methylhippuric acid excretion decreased suggesting ethanol decreased metab clearance of xylene by about one-half.Healthy male subjects were exposed at weekly intervals to m-xylene concn of 6 umol/L (145 ppm) and 11.5 umol/L (290 ppm) for 4 hr alone and in combination with prior ingestion of single doses of alcohol (0.8 g/kg). Body sway was recorded with a strain gauge transducer platform with the subject's eyes closed and open, and the eyes closed/open ratio, indicating the grade of visual compensation for body balance. Alcohol with xylene concn of 11.5 umol/L significantly incr the ratio, a finding suggesting an unexpected combined effect of xylene and alcohol, possibly of metabolic origin, on the human equilibrium system.The metabolic interaction and disposition of methyl ethyl ketone and m-xylene after single or multiple inhalation exposures were studied in rats. Male Wistar-rats were exposed one for 6 hr to 300 ppm m-xylene or 600 ppm methyl ethyl ketone vapor alone or in combination. Other rats were exposed to 600 ppm methyl ethyl ketone and 300 ppm m-xylene, separately or together, daily for 7 days. They were then given a final exposure 18 hr later. The rats were killed 0.5 or 18 hr after the last exposure and the blood and perirenal fat /were taken and analyzed for xylene and MEK. The livers were/ removed and assayed for 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase. Urine samples collected from other animals were analyzed for methyl-hippuric acid, 2,4-dimethylphenol, and thioethers. Blood m-xylene concentrations were slightly, significantly increased in rats exposed to the mixture compared to those exposed to xylene only. Blood methyl ethyl ketone concentrations were not significantly affected by xylene. Blood xylene concentrations were similar in rats given the single and multiple exposures. Perirenal fat m-xylene concn in rats exposed to the mixture were significantly higher than in those exposed to xylene alone 0.5 and 18 hr after exposure ended. Xylene concentrations were significantly lower after the multiple exposure than after the single exposure. Fat methyl ethyl ketone concentrations were also increased by coexposure to m-xylene. Methyl-hippuric acid excretion was decreased and 2,4-dimethylphenol excretion increased in rats exposed to the mixture relative to those exposed to m-xylene only. All m-xylene exposed rats showed sharp increase in urinary thioether excretion. Thioether excretion in controls. Multiple exposures to xylene significantly increased hepatic 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Methyl ethyl ketone caused only a slight increaseThe present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of toxicokinetic interaction between toluene and m-xylene in vivo in the male Sprague-Dawley rat by physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling. First, the metabolic constants (Vmax and Km) were determined for toluene and m-xylene individually by conducting a series of closed-chamber inhalation exposures of three rats to starting concn of 500 to 4000 ppm. The values of Km (toluene, 0.55 mg/Lm-xylene, 0.20 mg/L) and Vmax (toluene, 4.8 mg/hr/kgm-xylene, 8.4 mg/hr/kg) were obtained following best visual fit of physiologically based toxicokinetic model simulations to experimental data. Then using the same experimental set-up, rats were exposed to three different mixtures of both solvents (500 ppm toluene + 1000 ppm m-xylene1000 ppm toluene + 1000 ppm m-xylene1000 ppm toluene + 500 ppm m-xylene). The data from the time course of chamber solvent concn were analyzed with a binary chemical mixture physiologically based toxicokinetic model that had four mechanistic hypotheses of metabolic interaction (i.e., no interaction, competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, and uncompetitive inhibition) quantitatively defined in the liver compartment. The validity of the various model descriptions was verified with open-chamber inhalation exposure data on toxicokinetics of toluene and m-xylene. Overall, the results of this combined experimental and modeling approach are consistent with a competitive metabolic inhibition between m-xylene and toluene in the rat.For more Interactions (Complete) data for 3-XYLENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergi
生態毒性値
LC50Species: Cancer magister (Crab) larvae-stage IConcentration: 12 ppm for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/Species: Crangon franciscorum (Shrimp)Concentration: 3.7 ppm for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/LC100Species: Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ciliate)Concentration: 3.77 mmole/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/EC50Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae)Conditions: freshwater, staticConcentration: 4900 ug/L for 72 hrEffect: growth, general /formulated product/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 3-XYLENE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
環境中動態
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 166-275(2-4), indicate that 3-xylene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 3-xylene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.18X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). 3-Xylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 8.29 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). 3-Xylene is expected to biodegrade in soil under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(7). Biodegradation is an important process in subsurface soils and groundwater where volatilization is hindered(7). 3-Xylene has been observed to biodegade in standard biodegradability tests using various inocula(8). For example, using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test) with a mixture of sewage, soil and natural water inoculum, 3-xylene reached 98% of its O2 consumption in 28 days which classified 3-xylene as readily biodegradable(8). 3-Xylene, present in soil samples contaminated with jet fuel, was completely degraded aerobically within 5 days(9), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). In anaerobic aquifer studies, 3-xylene was degraded, usually within several weeks(10). However, under anaerobic conditions, a long lag period may be required before xylene degradation commences(11).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 166-275(2-4), indicate that 3-xylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.18X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.1 hours and 4.1 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF of 14.8 measured in goldfish(8) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation is an important process in groundwater where volatilization is hindered(9). 3-Xylene has been observed to biodegade in standard biodegradability tests using various inocula(10). For example, using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test) with a mixture of sewage, soil and natural water inoculum, 3-xylene reached 98% of its O2 consumption in 28 days which classified 3-xylene as readily biodegradable(10). However, under anaerobic conditions, a long lag period may be required before xylene degradation commences(11). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). Irradiation studies using humic substances(12) suggest photooxidation may have some environmental importance in natural surface waters exposed to sunlight(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-xylene, which has a vapor pressure of 8.29 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-xylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.31X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase 3-xylene is degraded slowly in the atmosphere by reaction with night-time nitrate radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 138 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.32X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). 3-Xylene has been detected in rainwater and snow(5,6) and, therefore, it may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC). 3-Xylene does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
食品調査値
3-Xylene was measured in Korean salt-fermented fish and shrimp pastesbig eyed herring, hair-tail viscera, and shrimp pastes had concentrations of 378, 124, and 99.9 ng/g 3-xylene, respectively(1). Volatile flavor components from Idaho Russet Burbank baked potatoes(2), roasted filberts(3), scrambled eggs(4), tree-ripened nectarines(10) and chicken, beef, and pork volatiles(12) contained 3-xylene. 64 of 234 table-ready food items from the FDA's Total Diet Study contained 3- and 4-xylene (reported as a combined value) with the highest concentration found in margarine (114 ppb), butter (54.8 ppb), cake doughnuts (35.0 ppb), and sandwich cookies (12.9 ppb)(5). 3-Xylene was detected in lipid fractions from raw beef(6). 3-/4-Xylene, combined value, was not detected in samples of animal milk from suburban, countryside and pasteurized sources (unreported detection limit)(7). 3-Xylene was detected in the aroma concentrate of cured beef and cured chicken at 0.04 and 0.11 mg/kg, respectively(8). 3-/4-Xylene, combined value, was detected in floured chickpea seed(9). Volatile components of water-boiled duck meat, duck fat, Cantonese style roasted duck, and Cantonese style roasted duck gravy contained 3-xylene at 0.99, 4.29, 9.61, and 18.09 ppb, wet basis, respectively(6).As part of the US FDA Total Diet Program, monitoring of 70 foods between 1996 and 2000 detected 3-/4-xylene in the following food items(1):[Table#418]
有害作用
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndromeOccupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.
暴露経路
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactOral (L165)inhalation (L165)dermal (L165)
Milk Concentrations
ENVIRONMENTAL: The concentrations of 3-/4-xylene measured in 1%, 2%, and whole milk samples purchased from grocery stores in Las Vegas, Nevada ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.75 ng/mL(1).
毒性の概要
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 3-Xylene (m-xylene) is a clear colorless liquid. It is used as a solventintermediate for dyes and organic synthesis, especially isophthallic acidin insecticidesin aviation fuel. m-Xylene is also used in the manufacturing of polyester and alkyl resins. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The effects of exposure to m-xylene on the central nervous system were investigated in humans. Male volunteers were exposed to m-xylene vapor, at stable concentration of 8.2 umol/L or fluctuating concentration with peaks (16.4 umol/L) for 4 hr a day. Body balance of subjects was clearly impaired in the anteroposterior direction, especially when subjects closed their eyes during the peaks at rest. Body balance improved when subjects exercised, even in the presence of the high m-xylene concn in the blood. Complex motor reactions were impaired after the peaks combined with exercise. In other experiment volunteers exposed to m-xylene were subjected to tests of numerical ability, reaction time, short-term memory and critical flicker fusion. There was evidence of reduction in the performance on 3 of the 4 tests in the second set of experiments. Slight, but statistically significant, increases in the average rating for subjective symptoms of neurological effects were observed following exposure to 50 ppm m-xylene vapor compared to controls. After 60 and 118 minutes of exposure, severity ratings for feelings of intoxication were elevated in men and women, and ratings for headache were elevated in men. The ratings for dizziness were increased in exposed men after 118 minutes of exposure. For biomonitoring purposes the m-and p-xylene isomers usually are measured together and reported as m/p-xylene. ANIMAL STUDIES: Exposure of rats to 2000 ppm of m-xylene for 3 days increased hepatic cytochrome P450 concentration and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cytochrome c reductase activity. Adverse respiratory effects noted in rats, mice, and guinea pigs following acute am-Xylene is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.
TSCA 要件
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. m-Xylene is included on this list. Effective date 10/4/82Sunset date: /10/4/92.
大気基準
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 3-Xylene is included on this list.
CERCLA 報告数量
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
清浄水法要件
m-Xylene is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.
