ジベンゾ[def,p]クリセン

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. ... Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: /Coal tar pitch volatiles/[Table#4720]

Respirator Recommendations: Escape conditions: /Coal tar pitch volatiles/[Table#4721]

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Oral cancer models have attempted to demonstrate inhibition of oral carcinogenesis. These models used synthetic carcinogens, lacked a specific mechanism of activity or used non-physiologic doses for carcinogen or inhibitor. To correct these problems the tobacco and environmental carcinogen, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) (0.25%, 0.010 uM/application) was painted on the tongue and/or vitamin E acid succinate (VE(as)) (0.43 I.U./0.136 (uM/treatment) administered by gavages to Syrian hamsters (14 animals per group) using physiologic low doses, 5X/week. Oral cytology supplied keratinocytes after 1, 10, or 25 weeks of treatment. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry/laser scanning cytometry. Initiation (1-6 weeks) was suppressed by reducing DNA damage (oxidation lesions: 8-oxo-dG), and repair (comet, fpg, OGG1, NTH1). Reduction in promotion (6-10 weeks) was identified by depressed proliferation (cell cycle, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU)) and aneuploidy (propidium iodide stain). p53 and apoptosis expressions were increased (Sub G(1), mitochondrion activation: Apo 2.7, and nucleosomal formation: mebstain (TUNEL)). VE(as) administration reduced dysplasia (10 weeks) and oral cancer formation at 25 (0/7 vs. 5/7 DB[a,l]P) and 30 weeks (3/7 vs. 6/7 DB[a,l]P). Inhibition of oral carcinogenesis by VE(as) involved reversal of several cellular events that contribute towards oral cancer.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was compared to dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) and combinations of three environmental PAH mixtures (coal tar, diesel particulate and cigarette smoke condensate) using a two stage, FVB/N mouse skin tumor model. DBC (4 nmol) was most potent, reaching 100% tumor incidence with a shorter latency to tumor formation, less than 20 weeks of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion compared to all other treatments. Multiplicity was 4 times greater than BaP (400 nmol). Both PAHs produced primarily papillomas followed by squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ. Diesel particulate extract (1 mg SRM 1650b; mix 1) did not differ from toluene controls and failed to elicit a carcinogenic response. Addition of coal tar extract (1 mg SRM 1597a; mix 2) produced a response similar to BaP. Further addition of 2 mg of cigarette smoke condensate (mix 3) did not alter the response with mix 2. PAH-DNA adducts measured in epidermis 12 hr post initiation and analyzed by (32)P post-labeling, did not correlate with tumor incidence. PAH-dependent alteration in transcriptome of skin 12 hr post initiation was assessed by microarray. Principal component analysis (sum of all treatments) of the 922 significantly altered genes (p<0.05), showed DBC and BaP to cluster distinct from PAH mixtures and each other. BaP and mixtures up-regulated phase 1 and phase 2 metabolizing enzymes while DBC did not. The carcinogenicity with DBC and two of the mixtures was much greater than would be predicted based on published Relative Potency Factors (RPFs).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.5X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dibenzo(a,l)pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dibenzo(a,l)pyrene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.5X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Using activated sludge from three waste treatment plants, no greater than 6.2% of the theoretical oxygen demand was reached over a 144 hour time period(4), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.5X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dibenzo(a,l)pyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 6000(SRC), from its log Kow of 7.71(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as some fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(7). Using activated sludge from three waste treatment plants, no greater than 6.2% of the theoretical oxygen demand was reached over a 144 hour time period(8), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.5X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase dibenzo(a,l)pyrene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DB[a,l]P)is a solid polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is not produced commercially and used mostly as an experimental carcinogen. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: DB[a,l]P metabolites bind to DNA in human mammary carcinoma MCF-7 cells. The PAH-DNA adduct level formed may determine whether p53 and p21VAF1 pathways respond, resulting in cell-cycle arrest, or fail to respond and increase the risk of mutation induction by these DNA lesions. Sister-chromatid exchanges frequencies were significantly increased in human lung fibroblast exposed to dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in relation to controls. ANIMAL STUDIES: DB[a,l]P), the most carcinogenic PAH tested in rodent bioassays, exerts its pathobiological activity via metabolic formation of electrophilically reactive DNA-binding fjord region. DB[a,l]P induces, via its bay-region diol epoxide, a contact hypersensitivity reaction that may promote tumor development and thereby enhance carcinogenic potency. DB[a,l]P was more mutagenic than benzo(a)pyrene in Salmonella TA98 and TA100. The mutation spectra of DB[a,l]P and benzo(a)pyrene were significantly different in TA98 and TA104. The high genotoxic activity of DB[a,l]P is related to the formation of nucleotide excision repair-resistant and persistent DB[a,l]P-derived adenine adducts in cellular DNA.

Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene has been identified in products of coal gasification(1). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene is found in stack emissions of waste incinerators and in coal combustion stack emissions(2). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene is commonly found in vehicle emissions(3). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene accounted for 58-67% of the major carcinogenic PAH content in particulate emissions from two diesel- and two gasoline-fuelled light-duty vehicles(4).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of dibenzo(a,l)pyrene can be estimated to be 6.5X10+6(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that dibenzo(a,l)pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Dibenzopyrene (isomer not specified) was detected in airborne particulate matter samples taken in the Christchurch urban area and at several inner city street sites in New Zealand; concentrations ranged from 1-17 ng/cu m(1). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was detected as a particulate phase pollutant, concentrations in ng/cu m air, in Camden, NJ (summer max = 1.31, winter max = 1.09), Elizabeth, NJ (summer max = 1.78, winter max = 1.95), Newark, NJ (summer max = 0.14, winter max = 2.18), and Ringwood, NJ (summer max = 0.01, winter max = 0.08) from the summer of 1981 to the winter of 1983(2). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was measured in the particulate fraction of ambient air sampled at four sites in the urban and industrialized Rijnmond area and at one coastal site in The Netherlands; mean concentrations ranged from 0.53 ng/cu m for the coastal site to 1.51 ng/cu m for the more urban areas(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was detected at 1.4-13, 1.5-2.4 and 2.1-7.3 pg/cu m in air particulate samples from a rooftop, a street canyon, and a subway station, respectively, in Stockholm, Sweden(1). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was present at 10% of total MW302 PAHs in particulate matter during the Summer 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The value was similar before and during the Olympics and in traffic control and no-traffic control periods(2). It was tested for but not detected in airborne particulate matter sampled in Washington, DC, collected over a 12 month period in the 1970s(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was detected in indoor air samples taken from open-fire, unvented smoky coal (Tennessee bituminous coal) combustion at 2.3 ug/cu m(1). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was measured in several airborne particulate samples in an aluminum plant; n = 28, positive samples = 4, concentration range = 0.9-1.2 ug/cu m(2).

/GENOTOXICITY/ Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are ubiquitous pollutants in urban air that may pose risks to human health. In order to better assess the health risks associated with this class of compounds, a total of 67 polycyclic aromatic compounds that either have been identified (55) or are suspected to be present (12) in urban aerosol samples were tested for mutagenicity in a forward mutation assay based on human B-lymphoblastoid cells. The cell line used (designated hlAlv2) constitutively expresses the cytochrome p4501Al, which is known to be necessary for the metabolism of many promutagens. The polycyclic aromatic compounds tested included 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). 19 oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and nine N02-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). A total of 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mutagenic. In comparing the minimum mutagenic concentrations of the mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with that of benzo[a]pyrene it was found that dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene, naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, and l-methylbenzo[a]pyrene were 24 + or - 21, 6.9 + or - 4.2, 3.2 + 3.0, 2.9 + or - 2.9 and 1.6 + or - 1.4 times, respectively, more mutagenic than benzo[a]pyrene, and that dibenzo[a,k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene were approximately equally mutagenic. The 19 other mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were between approximately 2 and approximately 1800 times less mutagenic than benzo[a]pyrene. Of the oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested only phenalenone, 7H-benz[d,e]anthracen-7-one, 3-nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, cyclopenta[c,d]pyren-3(4H)-one, 6H-benzo[c,d]pyren-6-one (BPK) and anthanthrenequinone were mutagenic; however, with the exception of 6H-benzo[c,d]pyren-6-one, these were over 50 times less active than benzo[a]pyrene, 6H-benzo[c,d]pyren-6-one was approximately 3 times less active than benzo[a]pyrene. Seven of the nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mutagenic including 9-nitroanthracene, l-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluoranthene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene (1,6-DNP) and 1,8-dinitropyrene. 1,6-dinitropyrene was approximately 4 times less active than benzo[a]pyrene; the six other mutagenic nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were between 20 and 380 times less active than benzo[a]pyrene. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance for determining the most important mutagens in ambient air. Based on reported concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds in ambient aerosols, it is possible that cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo(a,l)pyrene and 6H-benzo[c,d]pyren-6-one could account for a greater proportion of the mutagenicity than benzo[a]pyrene in some aerosols.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Several studies have shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produce genotoxic effects in assays performed in vivo and in vitro. This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) to induce DNA damage in a human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5), using sister-chromatid exchanges test (SCEs), the comet assay, and evaluating point mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras protooncogene by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphisms (PCR-SSCPs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)-enriched PCR methods. Sister-chromatid exchanges frequencies were significantly increased in cells exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in relation to controls (p < .001). Using the standard alkaline comet assay, significant differences between groups were found for the variable comet moment (CM) when cells were exposed to BP (p < 0.001) and DBP (p < .001). Nevertheless, PCR-SSCP and RFLP-enriched PCR methods did not show any association between treatments with BP and DBP and K-ras point mutations. The data presented in this study indicated that BP and DBP induced both DNA strand breaks and sister-chromatid exchanges but not significant point mutations at codon 12 of K-ras gene in the MRC-5 cell line.

Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was not detected in perch (Perca fluviatilis) following an oil spill in Finland; n=59, detection limit was 0.1 ug/kg(1). Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene was detected in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Thermaikos Gulf, Greece in trace amounts (n = 57)(2).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.

Used as experimental carcinogen; Not commercially produced or used in the US; [HSDB]

Laboratory chemicals, manufacture of substances.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

(1975) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US

(1977) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US