ニッケル
ニッケル触媒 · ニッケル粉末 · ラネーニッケル · ニッケル(粉末) · ニッケル(粒状) · ◎ニッケル · ニッケル(金属) · ニッケル,スポンジ
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 14701-22-5 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | Ni+2 |
| 平均分子量 | 58.693 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 57.93424574 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Ni+2] |
| InChIKey | VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 934 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:49786 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID60163564 |
| 現地名 | ニッケル |
化学・物理的性質
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 0 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 1 |
| 形式電荷 | 2 |
| 複雑度 | 0 |
| 融点 | 1455 °C1453 °C (lit.) |
| Physical Description | Solid |
| 沸点 | 2732 °C (lit.) |
| 密度 | 8.9 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸気密度 | 5.8 (vs air) |
| 貯蔵条件 | no restrictions. |
| 溶解度 | insoluble in H2Oslightly soluble in dilute acid solutions水に不溶です。 |
| 外観・状態 | ワイヤー |
| 色 | 白色から灰白色 |
| 比重 | 8.9 |
| 臭い | 無臭 |
| pH | 8.5-12.0 |
| Flame Color | Colorless to silvery white |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(crystal): 0.44 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.4 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,8107 |
| 安定性 | ブロック状で安定。粉末は自然発火する可能性があります。チタン、硝酸アンモニウム、過塩素酸カリウム、ヒドラジン酸と激しく反応することがある。酸、酸化剤、硫黄と相容れない。 |
| InChI | 1S/Ni |
| InChIKey | PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Ni] |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 207 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.31 |
| Shear Modulus | 76.0 GPa |
| CAS データベース | 7440-02-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Nickel(7440-02-0) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Nickel (7440-02-0) |
化学的特性
RANEY NICKEL is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.
安全性と法規制
| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134) |
|---|---|
| Treatment | Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (L42) |
| 健康影響 | The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41) |
| 暴露経路 | Oral (L41)inhalation (L41)dermal (L41) |
| 毒性の概要 | Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40) |
| Signs and Symptoms | Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42) |
| Carcinogen Classification | Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humons (Group 2B). Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (L135) |
用途
解説
ニッケル,銀白色，通常は面心立方格子．密度8.902 g cm－3(25 ℃)．融点1453 ℃，沸点2732 ℃．標準電極電位 Ni2＋/Ni－0.257 V．第一イオン化エネルギー7.635 eV．鍛造，鍛接ができ，展延性に富む．立方格子のものは強磁性だが，鉄よりは弱い．キュリー温度は358 ℃．金属結合半径0.125 nm．Ni2＋(六配位)0.083 nm．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
ラネーニッケル触媒の原料。
用途
高純度金属、合金材料。
用途
2007年における世界のニッケル消費量は132万トンであり、そのうち日本は13％を占める。純金属として実験器具や家具などの材料に、まためっき用として金属表面の保護に用いられる。微粉末状のものは水素を吸蔵するので、水素添加用触媒として用いられる。しかしそれ以上に各種の合金の成分としての需要のほうが多く、たとえば、洋銀、ニクロム、コンスタンタン、マンガニン、ニッケリンなどの合金として多方面に用いられるほか、鋼に添加してニッケル鋼、ニッケルクロム鋼、ステンレス鋼、耐熱鋼、磁石鋼などの特殊鋼が製造される。
天然物の起源
Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.
使用
Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.
一般的な説明
Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.
製法・合成法
調製方法
Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro-, vapo-, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic refining process. The most pure, 99.97%, nickel is obtained by vapometallurgy. In this process, known also as the Mond method,nickel and copper sulfide blend is converted to oxides and then reduced by heating with water gas at 350–400°C. The resultant active form of nickel is treated with carbon monoxide to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter reaction is reversible; heating results in pure nickel and carbon monoxide.
製造方法
The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required. The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used. Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.