Flonicamid is a pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 4 and a cyanomethyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen atom. It has a role as a proinsecticide, an antifeedant, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a secondary carboxamide, a nitrile, a pyridinecarboxamide and an organofluorine compound. It is functionally related to a flumetnicam.
Fire PotentialSlightly combustible. May support combustion at elevated temperatures. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
FIFRA Requirements · 3 件
Tolerances are established for the combined residues of flonicamid [N -(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide] and its metabolites TFNA [4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid], TFNA-AM [4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide], and TFNG [N -(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine] in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#7793]
Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Schedule Date not listed
Tolerances are established for combined residues of flonicamid [N -(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide], and its metabolites TFNA [4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid], TFNA-AM [4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide] in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#7794]
Hazard Classes and Categories · 3 件
Acute Tox. 4 (100%)
Acute toxicity - category 4
Acute Tox. 4
Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities
化学と産業
薬理情報
Biological Half-Life · 1 件
(14)C Flonicamid (radiolabelled = 98.5% pure; unlabelled = 99.7%) was administered by gavage to CRL:CD (SD)IGS BR rats at 0 (0.75% methylcellulose suspension, 1/sex), 2 and 400 mg/kg (5/sex/dose). Blood samples were taken at 0, 10, 20 and 40 minutes and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours (terminated at 72 hours) to determine pharmacokinetics. After treatment, Flonicamid was rapidly absorbed and peak plasma radioconcentrations were rapidly achieved. Pharmacokinetics at 2 mg/kg were similar between the sexes but were different at 400 mg/kg. Females had a half-life of 6.8 hours after 400 mg/kg treatment. This was similar to the 4.5 hour half-life after treatment with 2 mg/kg. The average half-life in males at 2 mg/kg was 5.2 hours (similar to females), however at 400 mg/kg the plasma concentrations reached a plateau that lasted several hours (average half-life = 11.6 hours) in males and was statistically significantly different than high dose females and low dose males.
Metabolism/Metabolites · 4 件
The metabolic profile of flonicamid in rats was determined from the 0-48 hour interval rat urine after single dose administration of (14)C- pyridyl-flonicamid by oral gavage in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at levels of 2 or 400 mg/kg body weight. Flonicamid was the major component in male and female rats with 52-72% of administered dose and the major metabolite is 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide, with 18-25% of administered dose. Minor metabolites identified were: 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide N-oxide (3% of administered dose), Flonicamid N-oxide (2% of administered dose), 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide (1% of administered dose), 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide conjugate (0.52% of administered dose), OH-4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide (0.44% of administered dose), TFNA (0.36% of administered dose), and 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide N-Oxide conjugates (0.30% of administered dose). TFNG was not detected in the urine. Analysis of flonicamid rat metabolism for repeated dosing gave the following results: Flonicamid (46-54% of administered dose) and 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide (21-27% administered dose) were the major components found in rat urine following multiple low doses of (14)C- pyridyl-flonicamid.
In liver samples, the major components in male rat liver following 0.5 and 6 hours were flonicamid (51% and 27% total radioactive residues, respectively) and N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine (24% and 8% of total radioactive residues, respectively). 4-Trifluoromethylnicotinamide was 10% of total radioactive residues after 0.5 hours and 45% after 6 hours. In the rat biliary study, flonicamid was rapidly absorbed and excreted in the urine within 24 hours. ... The metabolic pathway of flonicamid in rats involves hydrolysis of the cyano (-CN) and amide (-CONH2) functional groups in the flonicamid molecule, although in rats, flonicamid was further metabolized by several routes, including N-oxidation and hydroxylation of the pyridine ring, leading to multiple metabolites.
Finely dispersed particles can from explosive mixtures in air. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
安全と保護具
Firefighting HazardsMay support combustion at elevated temperatures. Finely dispersed particles can form explosive mixtures in air. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Fire Fighting Procedures · 2 件
Isolate fire area. Evacuate downwind. Wear full protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus. Do not breathe smoke, gases or vapors generated. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Extinguishing media: Foam, CO2 or dry chemical. Soft stream water fog only if necessary. Contain all runoff. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Storage Conditions · 1 件
Pesticide storage: Keep out of reach of children and animals. Store in original containers only. Store in a cool, dry place and avoid excess heat. Carefully open containers. After partial use, fold and roll back bags, clamp and close tightly. Do not put concentrate or dilute material into food or drink containers. Do not contaminate other pesticides, fertilizers, water, food or feed by storage or disposal. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Cleanup Methods · 3 件
In case of spill, avoid contact, isolate area and keep out animals and unprotected persons. Confine spills. ... To confine spill: Cover to prevent dispersal. Place damaged package in a holding container. Identify contents. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment of disposing of equipment wash waters. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Isolate and post spill area. Wear protective clothing and personal protective equipment ... . Keep unprotected persons and animals out of the area. Keep material out of lakes, streams, ponds and sewer drains. Large spills should be covered to prevent dispersal. For dry material, use a wet sweeping compound or water to prevent the formation of dust. If water is used, prevent runoff or dispersion of excess liquid by diking and absorbing with a non-combustible absorbent such as clay,. sand or soil. Vacuum, shovel or pump all waste material, including absorbent, into a drum and label contents for disposal. To clean and neutralize spill area, tools and equipment, wash with a suitable solution of strong soap and water. Absorb ... any excess liquid and add to the drums of waste slready collected. Repeat if necessary. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Disposal Methods · 3 件
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the use of this product may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Preventive Measures · 5 件
Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
User safety recommendations: Users should: Remove clothing/PPE (personal protective equipment) immediately if pesticide gets inside. then was thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining personal protective equipment (PPE). If there are not such instructions for washables, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Flonicamid (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Allowable Tolerances · 2 件
Tolerances are established for the combined residues of flonicamid [N -(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide] and its metabolites TFNA [4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid], TFNA-AM [4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide] and TFNG [N -(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine] in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#7791]
Tolerances are established for combined residues of flonicamid [N -(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide], and its metabolites TFNA [4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid], TFNA-AM [4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide] in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#7792]
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) · 4 件
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, shoes plus socks, and waterproof gloves. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
... Restricted-entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. Personal protective equipment (PPE) required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: Coveralls, waterproof gloves, and shoes plus socks. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
For dust exposures wear, as a minimum, a properly fitted half-face or full-face air-purifying respirator, which is approved for pesticides (US NIOSH/MSHA, EU CEN or comparable certification organization). respirator use and selection must be based on airborne concentrations. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
For dust exposure, wear chemical protective goggles or a face shield. /Beleaf 50 SG Insecticide/
毒性情報
Interactions · 1 件
This report describes /a case/ of acute exposure to a mixture of spinosad and flonicamid that resulted in a substantial clinical toxicities. An 80-year-old depressed female attempted suicide by drinking a mixture of 80-mL Conserve (Dow AgroSciences, Taipei, Taiwan) and 2-3 gram powder of flonicamid (Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Taipei, Taiwan). Spinosad was the main compound ingested. The clinical manifestations were mostly neurological, i.e. consciousness disturbance, shock, respiratory failure, pneumonitis and urinary retention. Endoscopic examination found grade 2a corrosive esophageal injury. After resuscitation, detoxification procedures and intensive care, the patient recovered fully without leaving any chronic sequels. An emerging question arising from this report is, why are the clinical symptoms so severe, given that both compounds were claimed safe in laboratory animals? The answer is unclear. One possible explanation is, the amount of spinosad ingested was far beyond the physiological safety dose that can be handled by human body. Other potential contributors to the clinical toxicities in this patient are the solvent compositions that were found in the Conserve insecticide formulation.[Su TY et al; Hum Exp Toxicol Mar 7 2011
Ecotoxicity Values · 3 件
LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) diet >2000 mg/kg /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/
LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout); Concentration: >100 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/
EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea); Concentration: >100 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/
Environmental Fate · 3 件
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.30(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that flonicamid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of flonicamid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.1X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.07X10-9 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 5200 mg/L(2). Flonicamid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2011).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.30(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that flonicamid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.1X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.07X10-9 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 5200 mg/L(2). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2011).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), flonicamid, which has a vapor pressure of 7.07X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase flonicamid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Flonicamid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility · 1 件
The Koc of flonicamid is estimated as 25(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.30(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that flonicamid is expected to have very high mobility in soil.
Human Toxicity Excerpts · 1 件
/CASE REPORTS/ This report describes /a case/ of acute exposure to a mixture of spinosad and flonicamid that resulted in a substantial clinical toxicities. An 80-year-old depressed female attempted suicide by drinking a mixture of 80-mL Conserve (Dow AgroSciences, Taipei, Taiwan) and 2-3 gram powder of flonicamid (Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Taipei, Taiwan). Spinosad was the main compound ingested. The clinical manifestations were mostly neurological, i.e. consciousness disturbance, shock, respiratory failure, pneumonitis and urinary retention. Endoscopic examination found grade 2a corrosive esophageal injury. After resuscitation, detoxification procedures and intensive care, the patient recovered fully without leaving any chronic sequels. An emerging question arising from this report is, why are the clinical symptoms so severe, given that both compounds were claimed safe in laboratory animals? The answer is unclear. One possible explanation is, the amount of spinosad ingested was far beyond the physiological safety dose that can be handled by human body. Other potential contributors to the clinical toxicities in this patient are the solvent compositions that were found in the Conserve insecticide formulation.[Su TY et al; Hum Exp Toxicol Mar 7 2011
Artificial Pollution SourcesFlonicamid's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
Environmental Bioconcentration · 1 件
An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for flonicamid(SRC), using log Kow of 0.30(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil · 1 件
The Henry's Law constant for flonicamid is estimated as 4.1X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7.07X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 5200 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that flonicamid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Flonicamid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts · 5 件
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Ten Crl:CD-1 (ICR) BR mice/sex/group received 0, 100, 1000 or 7000 ppm of Flonicamid technical (IKI-220, purity: 98.7%) in the diet for 13 weeks ((M) 0, 15.3, 153.9, 1069 mg/kg/day, (F) 20.1, 191.5, 1248 mg/kg/day). No treatment-related deaths occurred during the study. Both sexes in the 7000 ppm treatment group exhibited lower body weight gain over the course of the study (NS). In the hematology analysis, both sexes in the 7000 ppm group had lower mean RBC counts, hemoglobin concentrations, and hematocrits (p<0.01 or 0.05). The mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and percentage of reticulocytes were increased for both sexes in this group (p<0.01). These high dose animals were suffering from a mild macrocytic anemia. In the clinical chemistry examination, both sexes in the 7000 ppm group exhibited increased mean concentrations of total bilirubin ((M) p<0.01, (F) NS), serum glucose ((M) NS, (F) p<0.01), and sodium and chloride levels ((M) p<0.01, (F) NS). The mean potassium levels for this group were lower ((M) p<0.05, (F) NS). The mean absolute liver weight for the 7000 ppm males and the mean absolute spleen weight for both sexes in the 7000 ppm group were greater than those of the control (p<0.01). The mean relative liver and spleen weights for both sexes in the 7000 ppm group were greater than those of the control (p<0.01). In the histopathological examination, hypocellularity and increased pigment deposition were noted in the bone marrow of both sexes in the 7000 ppm group (hypocellularity, (M) 0:0/10 vs. 7000: 8/10, (F) 0: 0/10 vs. 7000: 6/10), (pigment deposition, (M) 0: 0/10 vs. 7000: 7/10, (F) 0: 0/10 vs. 5/10). In the liver, centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was noted for both sexes in the 7000 ppm group and for the males in the 1000 ppm group ((M) 0: 0/10 vs. 1000: 3/10, 7000: 10/10, (F) 0: 0/10 vs. 7000: 10/10). In the spleen, there was an increased incidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis in both sexes of the 1000 and 7000 ppm treatment groups ((M) 0: 2/10 vs. 1000: 5/10, 7000: 10/10, (F) 0: 3/10 vs. 1000: 7/10, 7000: 10/10). In addition, there was increased pigment deposition in the spleen for both sexes in the 7000 ppm group ((M) 0: 0/10 vs. 7000: 8/10, (F) 0: 0/10 vs. 7000: 10/10). Possible adverse effect: anemia; Subchronic NOEL: (M/F) 100 ppm (M: 15.3, F: 20.1 mg/kg/day) (based upon the incidence of centrilobular hypertrophy in the liver and increased pigment deposition in the spleen of the 1000 ppm treatment group).
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The skin of ten Crl:CD (SD) (IGS) BR rats/sex/group was exposed to 0, 20, 150 or 1000 mg/kg/day of Flonicamid technical (IKI-220, purity: 98.7%) for 6 hours/day, 7 days/week for 4 weeks. The test material was suspended in distilled water and the site of application was covered by a semi-occlusive wrap. No deaths resulted from the treatment. No dermal irritation or other clinical signs were evident. There was no treatment-related effect upon the mean body weights or food consumption. No treatment-related effects were noted in the hematology or clinical chemistry evaluations. In the necropsy and histopathological examinations, no treatment-related lesions were evident and the organ weights were not affected by the treatment. Dermal Subchronic NOEL (both local and systemic): (M/F) 1000 mg/kg/day (based upon the lack of treatment-related effects at the highest dose tested).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation · 1 件
Flonicamid is not expected to undergo chemical hydrolysis in the environment as amides do not hydrolyze under environmental conditions(pH 5 to pH9)(SRC). Flonicamid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Probable Routes of Human ExposureOccupational exposure to flonicamid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where flonicamid is produced or used. (SRC)
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary · 1 件
Flonicamid's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7.07X10-9 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates flonicamid will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase flonicamid will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Flonicamid does contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, flonicamid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 25. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.1X10-13 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, flonicamid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Chemical hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since amides do not hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to pH 9). Occupational exposure to flonicamid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where flonicamid is produced or used. (SRC)
法規制情報
FIFRA Requirements · 3 件
Tolerances are established for the combined residues of flonicamid [N -(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide] and its metabolites TFNA [4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid], TFNA-AM [4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide], and TFNG [N -(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine] in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#7793]
Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Schedule Date not listed
Tolerances are established for combined residues of flonicamid [N -(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide], and its metabolites TFNA [4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid], TFNA-AM [4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide] in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#7794]
安全データ
wgk
2
毒性
LD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): 884, 1768 orally; in rats (mg/kg): >5000 dermally; in rats (mg/m3): >4900 by inhalation; LC50 in carp, rainbow trout (mg/l): >100, >91.9 (Morita)
PRTR法
1-13
hs_code
29333990
risk_code
22
安衛法
57,57-2
消防法
危-4-1-S-II
hazard_code
Xn
毒劇物取締法
II
Hazard Classifications
Acute Tox. 4 Oral
ストレージクラス
11 - Combustible Solids
有毒物質データの
158062-67-0(Hazardous Substances Data)
(14)C Flonicamid (radiolabelled = 98.5% pure; unlabelled = 99.7%) was used in 3 experiments in order to characterize metabolism in CRL:CD (SD)IGS BR rats: Study #1(Biliary): 4 rats/sex/dose were administered a single oral gavage dose of (14)C Flonicamid at 2 or 400 mg/kg, then terminated at 48 hours. Study #2 (Single-Dose Excretion): 3 or 5/sex/dose/time point were treated with a single oral gavage dose of (14)C Flonicamid at 2 or 400 mg/kg and terminated at 0.5, 6, 24 and 168 hours (2 mg/kg) or 3 (M), 1 (F), 14.5 (M), 8 (F), 24 and 168 hours. Study #3 (Multi-Dose Excretion): 2/sex/dose/time point were treated with 14 consecutive oral gavage doses of (12)C Flonicamid at 2 mg/kg, then one dose of (14)C Flonicamid on the 15th day before termination at 0.5, 6, 24 and 168 hours following (14)C Flonicamid administration. The negative control and vehicle was 0.75% methylcellulose/HPLC Grade H2O. Livers were collected and analyzed for metabolites in study #2 and #3. Excretion of Flonicamid and metabolites occurred primarily in the urine and to a lesser extent in the feces. It was metabolized by several routes, including nitrile hydrolysis, amide hydrolysis, N-oxidation and hydroxylation of the pyridine ring. Combinations of pathways occurred, leading to the formation of multiple metabolites.
The metabolism of flonicamid was investigated in livestock using lactating goats and laying hens. The test substance was [14C] flonicamid (labeled at the 3 position of the pyridine ring; specific activity 100,000 dpm/ug). In goats, the test substance was administered orally at 10 ppm (4.2x) in the diet for five consecutive days. Milk was collected twice daily throughout the study, and tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, and fat) were collected at sacrifice. In hens, the test substance was also administered orally at 10 ppm (25x) in the diet for five consecutive days. Eggs were collected twice daily throughout the study, and tissues (liver, muscle, skin, and fat) were collected at sacrifice. The available data indicate that the metabolism of flonicamid is similar in goats and hens. The majority of the dose was rapidly excreted. TFNA-AM (4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide) was the major metabolite (29-92% TRR) in goats (tissues and milk) and in laying hens (tissues and eggs). Flonicamid was found in minor quantities in goat and hen matrices, at <6% TRR. TFNAAM was also identified in goat muscle, liver, and kidney in significant quantities (23-31% TRR) in the acid hydrolysates of nonextractable residues. A metabolite determined to be an unstable conjugate of TFNA was identified in goat kidney at 12% TRR and the metabolite OH-TFNAAM was identified in liver acid hydrolysate at 11% /total residues recovered/ (TRR). The metabolism of flonicamid in livestock shows the main pathway of metabolism involves hydrolysis of the cyano and amide functional groups in the molecule ...
MeSH Pharmacological ClassificationPesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion · 3 件
Five CRL:CD (SD)IGS BR rats/sex/level were dosed by gavage in 0.75% methylcellulose suspension with single administrations of either low or high doses of flonicamid. Intended dose levels were 2 and 50 mg/kg for both the pilot excretion study and for the pilot pharmacokinetics study. By error, the actual mean administered doses for the pilot excretion study were 0.85 and 21 mg/kg, which was unlikely to have affected results. The pilot excretion study assessed exhaled CO2 as well as urine, cage washings, and feces at intervals of 24 hr or less for 7 days. No measurable CO2 was detected in exhaled air. Urine plus cage wash samples accounted for 89-92% of administered label. About 5-6% of administered label was found in feces. Only 2-3% of label resided in carcasses at day 7. ... Tmax was estimated to be 0.3 to 0.6 hr.
(14)C Flonicamid (radiolabelled = 98.5% pure; unlabelled = 99.7%) was administered by oral gavage to CRL:CD (SD)IGS BR rats at 0 (0.75% methylcellulose/HPLC Grade H2O; 1/sex/dose at 6 and 168 hr termination), 2 mg/kg (3/sex/time point at 0.5, 6, 24 hours and 5/sex at 168 hour termination) and 400 mg/kg (3/sex/time point at 0.5, 6, 24 hours and 5/sex at 168 hour termination) to determine elimination and distribution. At 2 and 400 mg/kg, (14)C Flonicamid radioactivity was rapidly absorbed and excreted. A quantitative recovery was achieved during the 168 hour collection period. Urine contained 90% (including cage wash) of administered radioactivity, the majority of which was obtained within 24 hours of dosing at 2 mg/kg and by 48 hours at 400 mg/kg. Fecal elimination at 2 and 400 mg/kg was 5% of administered dose. In tissues, radioactivity levels increased rapidly with maximum concentrations mirroring those observed in the blood. While radioactivity was observed at all early time points in tissues, by 168 hours the levels had (where detectable) decreased by 50 - 100 fold. By 168 hours the carcasses contained 2% of radioactivity and liver had the highest tissue content (< 0.15%). At 2 mg/kg the greatest concentrations of radioactivity at 0.5 hours post dose for males and females respectively in liver (2.54-2.50 ug eq/g), kidney (2.35-2.67 ug eq/g), adrenals (5.07-6.52 ug eq/g), thyroid (4.02-4.26 ug eq/g) and ovaries (females - 3.77 ug eq/g). At 400 mg/kg males had the greatest concentration of radiolabel at 3 hours post dose in the liver (442 ug eq/g), kidney (311 ug eq/g), adrenals (672 ug eq/g) and thyroid (652 ug eq/g). Females had the greatest radiolabel concentrations at 1 hour post dose for liver (325 ug eq/g), kidney (359 ug eq/g), adrenals (689 ug eq/g) and thyroid (782 ug eq/g).
(14)C Flonicamid (radiolabelled = 98.5% pure; unlabelled = 99.7%) was administered by oral gavage to CRL:CD (SD)IGS BR rats at 0 (0.75% methylcellulose/HPLC Grade H2O; 1/sex/dose), 2 and 400 mg/kg (4/sex/dose), followed by a 48 hour termination time. At 2 and 400 mg/kg, (14)C Flonicamid radioactivity was rapidly absorbed and excreted. A quantitative recovery was achieved during the 48 hour collection period. Urine contained 85% (including cage wash) of administered radioactivity at 2 mg/kg and 80% at 400 mg/kg, the majority of which was excreted within 24 hours of dosing. Biliary excretion was low (4% at 2 mg/kg and 5% at 400 mg/kg) and the majority of radiolabel was excreted within the first 24 hours. Low levels of radioactivity were in feces (3.5-5.0%) and carcass (2.0-3.2%) at 2 mg/kg and in feces (3.8%) and carcass (1.5-2.1%). Therefore, biliary excretion was not a significant route of elimination of radioactivity. Increasing dose level had little effect on the disposition of radioactivity and there was no accumulation of radioactivity in the residual carcass. No sex-related differences were observed in any of the parameters measured.
用途と製造
Uses · 3 件
For flonicamid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 128016) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
Foliar, selective aphicide; also effective against some other sucking insects. For use in Fruit, cereals, potatoes, cotton and vegetables ...
Insecticide
Methods of ManufacturingPreparation: T. Toki et al., EP 580374; eidem, US 5360806 (both 1994 to Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha)
説明Flonicamid is a pyridinecarboxamide insecticide. It inhibits the brown planthopper (N. lugens) inward-rectifying potassium channel Kir1 (IC50 = 0.64 μM). Flonicamid (100 μg/ml) inhibits aphid (M. persicae) salivation and sap ingestion during feeding on Japanese radish leaves. It induces toxicity in the aphid species A. gossypii, R. padi, S. graminum, and L. erysimi (LC50s = 0.64, 0.74, 0.78, and 2.01 μg/ml, respectively) and rats (LD50 = ≥844 mg/kg). Formulations containing flonicamid have been used for the control of pest insects in agriculture.
使用Flonicamid is an novel insecticide with rapid inhibitory effect against aphid feeding.
補足説明 · 1 件
定義Flonicamid is a chordotonal modulator and novel systemic insecticide that has been used frequently for controlling a broad range of insect pests. The risk of flonicamid resistance was assessed through laboratory selection and determining inheritance pattern and cross-resistance potential to five insecticides in house fly, Musca domestica L. Very low to high flonicamid resistance in M. domestica populations was found compared with the susceptible strain (SS).
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Six Wistar (Jcl:Wistar) rats/sex/group received 0, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 ppm of Flonicamid technical (IKI-220, purity: 98.7%) in the diet for 28 days. Additional male and female groups of 6 animals received 50 ppm (males) or 10000 ppm (females) in the diet over the same time period ((M) 0, 3.61, 7.47, 36.5, 73.8, 353.4 mg/kg/day, (F) 0, 8.36, 41.2, 81.9, 372.6, 642 mg/kg/day). No deaths resulted from the treatment. The mean body weights of the 5000 ppm males and the 10000 ppm females were lower than those of the controls with a significant effect noted during the first 2 to 3 weeks of treatment. Mean food consumption was lower as well for the animals in these groups. In the hematology evaluation, the 5000 ppm males demonstrated lower mean hematocrit and red blood cell count than those values of the control group (p<0.05). In the clinical chemistry evaluation, the mean cholesterol levels were increased for both sexes in the 5000 ppm group and for the 10000 ppm females (p<0.05 or 0.01). The mean triglyceride concentrations for the males in the 5000 ppm group and for the females in the 10000 ppm group were lower than those of the controls (males, NS; females, p<0.01). The mean absolute and relative liver weights for both sexes in the 5000 ppm group and for the 10000 ppm females were greater than those of the controls (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The mean absolute and relative kidney weights for the males in the 5000 ppm groups were greater than those of the controls (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The mean relative spleen weights for the 10000 ppm females were greater than that of the controls (p<0.01). The mean absolute and relative adrenal weights were lower for the 10000 ppm females than for the controls (p<0.05 or p<0.01). In the microscopic examination, centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver was noted for both sexes in the 5000 ppm group and for the 10000 ppm females ((M) 0: 0/6 vs. 5000: 6/6, (F) 0: 0/6 vs. 5000: 4/6, 10000: 6/6). For the 100 ppm males and above, there was increased deposition of hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules of the kidneys (0: 0/6 vs. 100: 3/6, 500 and above: 6/6). Target organs: liver and kidneys (males only). Subacute NOEL: (M) 50 ppm (3.61 mg/kg/day) (based upon the incidence of increased hyaline droplet deposition in the kidneys of the 100 ppm males), (F) 1000 ppm (81.9 mg/kg/day) (based upon the increased absolute and relative liver weight and centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver of the 5000 ppm females). The immunostaining of the kidneys of the 5000 ppm satellite males with an antibody against alpha2u-globulin revealed an increased presence of this protein in the male kidneys.
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Twelve Wistar rats/sex/group received 0, 200, 500 or 1000 ppm of Flonicamid technical (IKI-220, purity: 98.7%) in the diet for 13 weeks. Twelve males/group also received 50 or 2000 ppm in the diet and an additional group of 12 females received 5000 ppm of the test material in the diet for the same time period ((M) 0, 3.08, 12.1, 60.0, 119.4 mg/kg/day, (F) 0, 14.5, 72.3, 340 mg/kg/day). No deaths resulted from the treatment. There were no apparent treatment-related clinical signs or effects noted in the functional observational battery or motor activity evaluation. The mean body weights and body weight gain for the 2000 ppm males and 5000 ppm females were lower than those of the control groups over the course of the study (NS). The mean food consumption was reduced for the 5000 ppm females (p<0.01 or 0.05). The mean hematocrit value for the 5000 ppm females was lower than that of the control (p<0.05). The mean MCHC value for these females was greater than that of the control (p<0.05). In the clinical chemistry evaluation, the mean triglyceride concentration was lower for both the 2000 ppm males and the 5000 pm females (p<0.01 or 0.05). The mean absolute and relative liver weights for the 5000 ppm females was greater than those values for the control (p<0.01). The mean absolute and relative kidney weights for the 1000 and 2000 ppm males and for the 5000 ppm females were greater than those values for the control (p<0.01 or 0.05). In the histopathology examination, centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was noted in the livers of the 2000 ppm males and the 5000 ppm females ((M), 0: 0/12 vs. 2000: 12/12; (F), 0: 0/12 vs. 5000: 12/12). Deposition of hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules of the kidney was noted for the males in the 200 ppm group and above (0: 0/12 vs. 200: 8/12, 1000: 12/12 and 2000: 12/12). In addition, tubular basophilic change in the kidney was evident for the 1000 and 2000 ppm males (0: 0/12 vs. 1000: 11/12, 2000: 12/12) and granulated casts were identified in dilated tubules of these same males (0: 0/12 vs. 1000: 5/12, 2000: 12/12). The females of the 5000 ppm group demonstrated cytoplasmic vacuolation in the proximal tubules of the kidney (0: 0/12 vs. 5000: 12/12). Target organs: liver and kidney. Subchronic NOEL: (M) 50 ppm (3.08 mg/kg/day) (based upon the incidence of hyaline droplet deposition in the kidneys of the 200 ppm males), (F) 1000 ppm (72.3 mg/kg/day) (based upon the increased kidney weight and the accompanying vacuolation in the proximal tubules of the kidney in the 5000 ppm treatment group).
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Flonicamid (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
