化工社化工社 化学情報印刷レポート · 研究参考用
Phenol
フェノール · 4-ヒドロキシベンゼン · パオスクレー · 石炭酸 · グリヘノブルーMB · カルボ-ル · フェノール標準原液 · フェノール(結晶)
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 108-95-2 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | C6H6O |
| 平均分子量 | 94.11 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 94.04186481 g/mol |
| SMILES | Oc1ccccc1 |
| InChIKey | ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 996 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL14060 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:15882 |
| EC No. | 203-632-7 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5021124 |
| 現地名 | フェノール |
化学・物理的性質
| XLogP | 1.5 |
|---|---|
| 極性表面積 | 20.2 |
| 水素結合供与体数 | 1 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 1 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 7 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 46.1 |
| 物質分類 | Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)Other Classes -> PhenolsMutagensSemi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant |
| 医薬品 | Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15 |
| 化粧品 | Cosmetics ingredient -> Fragrance |
| pH | about 6.0 (aq soln)6.47(1 mM solution)5.99(10 mM solution)5.49(100 mM solution) |
| 香料 | Fragrance Ingredient (Phenol) -> IFRA transparency List |
| 農薬 | Pesticide -> EPA IRISEnvironmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor) |
| LogP（分配係数） | Log Kow = 1.46 |
| 臭い | Distinct aromatic, somewhat sickening sweet and acrid odor, discernable at 0.5 to 5 ppmSweet, tarry odorSomewhat sickeningly sweet and acrid0.06ppmで検出可能な甘い薬臭 |
| 味 | Sharp, burning tasteWhen in very weak solution it has a sweetish taste. |
| 食品添加物 | FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 1.04 at 105.8 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink1.06 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water1.0722 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water1.071 g/cu cmConcn in "saturated" air: 0.046% by volume (0.77 g/cu m) (25 °C)Density of "saturated" air: 1.00104 (air=1)Conversion: 3.84 mg/cu m = 1 ppm1 mg/l = 0.26 mg/cu m1.06 g/cm³1.071 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| 香味料 | EU Flavoring substances |
| 融点 | 40-42 °C(lit.) |
| 沸点 | 182 °C(lit.) |
| 蒸気密度 | 3.24 (vs air) |
| 蒸気圧 | 0.09 psi ( 55 °C) |
| 屈折率 | n20/D 1.53 |
| FEMA | 3223 | PHENOL |
| 引火点 | 175 °F |
| 貯蔵条件 | 2-8°C |
| 溶解度 | H2O: 50mg/mL at20℃ 無色透明8g/100mL |
| 外観・状態 | 液体 |
| pKa（酸解離定数） | 9.89(at 20℃) |
| 比重 | 1.071 |
| 色 | かすかに黄色 |
| 爆発限界 | 1.3-9.5%(V) |
| 由来生物 | synthetic |
| においのタイプ | フェノール系 |
| 臭気閾値 | 0.0056ppm |
| 凝固点 | 41℃ |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(crystal): 1.35 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,7241 |
| JECFA Number | 690 |
| BRN | 969616 |
| ヘンリー定数 | 1.09 at 5 °C (average derived from six field experiments, Lüttke and Levsen, 1997) |
| 誘電率 | 4.3(10℃) |
| 安定性 | Hygroscopic |
| 主な用途 | 農業洗浄剤化粧品環境食品および飲料パーソナルケア |
| 化粧品成分の機能 | 防腐剤口腔ケア香料変性剤抗菌剤デオドラント |
| InChI | 1S/C6H6O/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7H |
| InChIKey | ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | Oc1ccccc1 |
| LogP（分配係数） | 1.47 at 30℃ |
| CAS データベース | 108-95-2(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Phenol(108-95-2) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Phenol (108-95-2) |
| Absorption | cut-off at 294nm in H2O at 0.5M |
化学的特性
フェノールは化学式C6H5OHで表される有機化合物ですこの化合物はアルコールの一種であり芳香族化合物に分類されます独特の臭いがあり無色から薄いピンク色を呈することがありますフェノールはその特性と多様な用途から多くの工業プロセスで重要な役割を果たしています
化学的特性
Phenol, C6H5OH, also known as carbolic acid and phenylic acid, is a white poisonous crystalline solid that melts at 43 °C (110 OF) and boils at 182°C (360 OF). Phenol has a sharp burning taste,a distinctive odor, and it irritates tissue. It is toxic not only by ingestion or inhalation, but also by skin absorption. Phenol is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether. It is used in the production of resins,germicides,weedkillers,pharmaceuticals, and as a solvent in the refining of lubricating oils.
化学性质
アルカロイル型芳香族化合物
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | DangerH301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 4205) of reports.H301 (99.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral] |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: PhenolHazard Traits - Cardiovascular ToxicityDermatotoxicityHepatotoxicity and Digestive System ToxicityNephrotoxicity and Other Toxicity to the Urinary SystemNeurotoxicityOcular ToxicityOther Toxicological Hazard TraitsRespiratory ToxicityCommission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (Repealed by Com. Implementing Reg. (EU) No 872/2012)Phenol is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Phenol are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 04-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15508Phenol, molten: HSNO Approval: HSR006982 Approved with controls |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Phenol: Human health tier II assessment |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Poison |
| 火災危険 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Unburned vapor is toxicFlammable vapors when heated. Runoff from fire control water may give off poisonous gases and cause pollution. Mixtures of 9-10% phenol in air are explosive. Avoid aluminum chloride/nitrobenzene mixture, peroxodisulfuric acid, peroxomonosulfuric acid and strong oxidizing agents. Decomposes slowly on air contact. Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents. (EPA, 1998)· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. |
| 火災の可能性 | May be ignited by electrostatic discharge.Phenol and its solutions are flammable. |
| 健康有害性 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:Will burn eyes and skin. The analgesic action may cause loss of pain sensation. Readily absorbed through skin, causing increased heart rate, convulsions, and death. (USCG, 1999)Toxic hazard rating is very toxic: probable oral lethal dose (human) is 50-500 mg/kg. Ingestion of 1 gram has been lethal to humans. Lethal amounts may be absorbed through skin or inhaled. Industrial contact can cause chronic poisoning with kidney and liver damage. Persons affected with hepatic or kidney diseases are at a greater risk. (EPA, 1998)· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVEinhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. |
| 有害性の概要 | Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance. It is a colorless-to-white solid when pure. The commercial product is a liquid. Phenol has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry. You can taste and smell phenol at levels lower than those that are associated with harmful effects. Phenol evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water. Phenol can catch fire. Phenol is used primarily in the production of phenolic resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers. It is also used in slimicides (chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a disinfectant and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as mouthwash and sore throat lozenges.Exposure to phenol may occur from the use of some medicinal products (including throat lozenges and ointments). Phenol is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans after acute (short-term) inhalation or dermal exposures. Phenol is considered to be quite toxic to humans via oral exposure. Anorexia, progressive weight loss, diarrhea, vertigo, salivation, a dark coloration of the urine, and blood and liver effects have been reported in chronically (long-term) exposed humans. Animal studies have reported reduced fetal body weights, growth retardation, and abnormal development in the offspring of animals exposed to phenol by the oral route. EPA has classified phenol as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.Phenol >70% is corrosive to skin. [Quick CPC] Solutions of <5 % are strong irritants. Solutions of >5 % are corrosive. Even dilute solutions (1% to 2%) may cause severe burns if contact is prolonged. Kidney injury has been reported after workplace exposure. Damage to the nervous system is the primary cause of death from phenol poisoning. Affected patients may have seizures and coma within a few minutes to few hours after exposure. [ATSDR Medical Management] Hepatic injury and methemoglobinemia have been reported in cases of phenol poisoning by ingestion. Workers or volunteers exposed at or below 5.3 ppm have experienced no ill effects. Phenol can cause systemic effects after absorption through the skin. [ACGIH] Phenol skin burns are typically white-colored and painless. [AHLS, p. 114] Fatalities after skin exposure have been reported (concentrated phenol to >25% body surface area). [CHEMINFO] A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tractInhalation may cause pulmonary edemaMay cause convulsions, coma, collapse, cardiac disorders, and respiratory failureReadily absorbed through skin[ICSC] Safe when used as a flavoring agent in food[JECFA] A vesicant that is rapidly absorbed through skinCauses burnsInhalation may cause corrosive injuries to upper respiratory tract and lungsToxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorptionTargets the CNS, kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]Phenol is an acutely hazardous substance due primarily to its toxicity. Because phenol is highly corrosive to skin and systemically toxic by all routes of exposure, including dermal absorption, it should not be allowed to contact skin in its normally crystalline or concentrated liquid form. When heated, phenol can give off vapors which are not only toxic, but flammable as well, if exposed to an ignition source. Compliance with the OSHA TLV of 5 ppm should protect against the build-up of both toxic and explosive concentrations of phenol in air. Under all circumstances where skin contact with phenol is possible, protective clothing, including gloves and a face shield, should be worn. This clothing should be made of material which is impervious to phenol eg neoprene, polyethylene, or rubber. Under conditions where airborne concentrations of phenol exceed 20 mg/cu meter, a full-face respiratory device is also required. Warning of potential phenol exposure can come from its sickeningly sweet, acrid odor, detectable at 0.047 ppm. Containers of phenol may be leaking if a check of the contents reveals phenol is turning reddish in color. Toxicity is the prime consideration in the safe storage and shipment of phenol. Designated as "Poison B" by the DOT, phenol containers are labeled "Poison". However, no special containers are required due to phenol's modest fire hazard and low reactivity. Should a phenol fire occur, it may be combatted with water spray, CO2, dry chemical or foam extinguishants. Aside from assuring that all containers and shipment vessels are securely closed, the toxicity and fire hazards of phenol can be greatly reduced by the prevention of overheating in storage areas. This is accomplished with proper ventilation. Spills of phenol should be flushed with water, and caustic soda solution added for neutralization. Phenol should not be allowed to come into contact with strong oxidizing agents, eg peroxodisulfuric acid. |
| 輸送番号・ガイド（DOT） | 1671 1532312 1531671 153(solid)2312 153(molten)2821 153(solution) |
| FDA 要件 | Phenol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. |
| 反応性グループ | Phenols and Cresols |
| EC 分類 | Symbol: T, C, XnR: 23/24/25-34-48/20/21/22-68S: (1/2)-24/25-26-28-36/37/39-45 |
| UN 分類 | UN Hazard Class: 6.1UN Pack Group: II |
| 消火 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:Move container from fire area if it can be done without riskfight fire from maximum distancedike fire control water for later disposal, do not scatter the material. Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam (alcohol)large fires: water spray, fog or foamuse water spray to cool containers in fire area. (EPA, 1998)Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide. |
| 応急処置措置 | Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. To remove substance use polyethylene glycol 300 or vegetable oil. Refer immediately for medical attention .Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention. |
| 漏出応急措置 | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| 応急処置 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Phenol:Signs and Symptoms of Acute Phenol Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to phenol may be severe, and range from tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate) to hypotension (low blood pressure), weak pulse, cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, and respiratory arrest. Cardiac arrhythmias may be noted. Weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), delirium, and shock are common. Seizures may often be followed by coma. Pallor, profuse sweating, dilated pupils, and a profound drop in body temperature may occur. Gastrointestinal effects may include nausea, abdominal pain, bloody vomitus, and bloody diarrhea. Renal insufficiency may lead to hematuria (bloody urine). Liver damage may also occur. Phenol is corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. Contact may result in severe and painful burns, which promptly become anesthetized (numb) to touch and pain. Ulceration may follow.General First Aid: |
| 安全保管 | Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed. Store only in original container. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. |
| 暴露管理・個人防護 | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Total phenol in urine = 250 mg/g creatinineend of shift166.0 [ppm] |
| 消火手順 | If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run off-water out of sewers and water sources. /Phenol, solid/If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water as flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Phenol, molten/To fight fire, use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. |
| 保管条件 | Phenol should be stored in closed containers in an area which is adequate to ensure that airborne phenol concentrations do not exceed 20 mg/cu m. Conditions shall be controlled to prevent overheating and the buildup of pressure in phenol containers. Storage tanks must be electrically grounded and bonded to transfer lines. Transfer and storage systems shall be designed and operated to prevent blockage by condensed phenol. Open flames are prohibited when drums of phenol are heated to melt the contents. The internal pressure will be vented by placing the drums with the bung up and the bung loosened. The bungs shall be tightened prior to moving or handling drums. Drums, carboys, or other containers of phenol shall be closed while being handled or moved. Transfer from such containers shall be done carefully to avoid splashes, spills, or other possible circumstances by which an employee may come in contact with phenol. Bulk storage facilities shall be designed and constructed to contain any leaks or spills.Keep well closed and protected from light.Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizers and acute fire hazards.Storage tanks should be equipped with heating coils which pass upward through the entire vessel ... . Tanks may be constructed by either welding or riveting. ... Underground tanks are not recommended.Phenolic resins, PVC, neoprene, saran, and polyethylene are generally unsuitable storage container materials for phenol. /From table/ |
| 清掃方法 | Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Approach release from upwind.Phenolic cmpd in wastewater are oxidized with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Fe+3-Fe+2. When the wt ratio of PhOH:H2O2 is 1:3 and iron 5-100 ppm, more than 95% of the phenols are removed in 30 min from a 500 ppm phenol soln at pH 5-6 and 25-50 °C.Spills must be disposed of immediately by properly protected personnelno other person should remain in the area. Flush with flooding quantities of water, then use caustic soda soln for neutralization.Remove all ignition sources and evacuate the area. Ventliate the area. Cover spilled solid phenol with dry lime or soda ash. Contain molten phenol with sand or earth and allow solidification. Absorb a phenol solution in earth or sand. Remove to a safe place to hold it for disposal. Prevent molten phenol or a solution of phenol from entering sewers, water courses, or soil. Ensure personal protection. |
| 非火災時の漏出対応 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: |
| 処分方法 | Incineration is the recommended method of disposal. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner or scrubber.Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U188, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.Waste liquor containing 50,000 ppm was adjusted to give effluent containing 1 ppm then treated with activated sludge to give final effluent containing 0.07 ppm, 10% of which was recycled to conditioning tank.Chemical Treatability of PhenolConcentration Process: Reverse OsmosisChemical Classification: PhenolScale of Study: Batch FlowType of Wastewater Used: PureResults of Study: -5.7% reduction w/CA membrane76.5% reduction w/C-PE1 membrane.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PHENOL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 漏出処分 | Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| 毒性学的情報 | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| 体内負荷 | ... Phenol /was applied/ to the skin (over 75% of the body surface area) of 20 adults at 2% in calamine lotion and 4.75% in phenol-camphor liquid petrolatum preparations. Blood samples were collected pre-exposure and at 2 hour intervals for 1 to 3 days and analyzed for phenol... . In both tests, pre-exposure concentrations of free phenol in the blood of all subjects averaged 0.15 mg/100 ml and increased to an average of 0.4 mg/100 ml during each of the tests. Pre-exposure concentrations of conjugated (protein-precipitated) phenol in the blood of all subjects averaged 0.35 mg/100 ml in both experiments. Conjugated phenol concentrations in blood increased over the range of 0.9 to 1.9 mg/100 ml of blood for both preparations. There were no detectable differences in the resulting concentrations of free and conjugated phenol in the blood when either preparation was applied to the skin.Phenol was identified, but not quantified, in 9 of 12 samples of breath in Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ as part of the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study(1).In our own experience a patient with 20.5% total body surface area deep partial skin thickness phenol burns and serum concns of 17,400 ug/l survived after immediate and repeated treatment of the scalds with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silver sulphadiazine.. |
| 相互作用 | ...Nine primates received 0.5 ml of either 3% phenol in saline (n=4) or 6% phenol in saline (n=5) via lumbar epidural injection. Two additional primates received three consecutive daily epidural doses of 0.5 ml of 3% phenol in saline. Finally, 5 unoperated primates and 5 primates that received only 2 ml of radiographic contrast material served as control subjects. Two weeks after the epidural injection, spinal cords were removed and processed for histopathologic study by a neuropathologist blinded to the soln administered. None of the control animals demonstrated histopathologic changes. One animal that received 6% phenol died 3 days after injection. All phenol-treated animals demonstrated predominantly posterior root damage. Spinal cord damage was seen in all animals receiving 6% phenol, in 2 animals receiving 3% phenol single doses, and in neither animal receiving 3% phenol multiple doses. Anterior root damage occurred in all phenol-treated animals except the 4 that received single 3% phenol injections. Animals that received 6% phenol demonstrated greater lower extremity motor weakness than those in the other groups, but no clear correlation existed between extent of histopathologic changes and motor weakness....Following the co-admin of phenol and hydroquinone, a synergistic incr in myelotoxicity and genotoxicity has been observed in the bone marrow of mice. To understand the mechanisms underlying these synergistic genotoxic effects we have studied the origin of micronuclei (MN) formed in bone marrow erythrocytes following the co-admin of these 2 metabolites. Phenol and hydroquinone were administered to male CD-1 mice by ip injection 3 times at 24 hr intervals. The frequency of MN was evaluated in bone marrow cells harvested 24 hr following the final dose. A marked incr in MN was observed in mice co-administered phenol and hydroquinone, which was significantly greater than that observed with the individual metabolites. Labeling with the CREST antibody and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with the mouse major and minor satellite probes indicated that both chromosomal loss and breakage and occurred. The major incr in MN induced by the phenol and hydroquinone combination originated from breakage in the euchromatic region of the mouse chromosomes. The origin of MN in mice co-administered phenol and hydroquinone differed substantially from that induced by hydroquinone alone, but was almost identical to that seen in MN from benzene-treated mice. These results strongly support the hypothesis that interactive effects among benzene metabolites play an important role in the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of benzene.Camphor and other substances with similar physicochemical properties interact with phenol both to reduce its corrosive properties and to impede percutaneous absorption. However, severe local necrotic damage and fatal systemic poisoning have followed use of this combination, which was once endorsed for "athlete's foot".In 27 cases of phenol poisoning by mouth, 10% ethanol solution was judged to offer no advantage over water as lavage fluid. Indeed, symptoms appeared to be more severe when phenol and alcohol were ingested concomitantly.For more Interactions (Complete) data for PHENOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 標的器官 | Body Weight, Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys |
| 健康影響 | Long-term exposure to phenol at work has been associated with cardiovascular disease, irritation of the respiratory tract and muscle twitching depedning of the route of exposure. Ingestion of liquid products containing concentrated phenol can cause serious gastrointestinal damage and even death. Application of concentrated phenol to the skin can cause severe skin damage. Longer-term exposure to high levels of phenol caused damaged to the heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. Liver effects, as judged by increased serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST), were also reported in a case of prolonged inhalation exposure to phenol. (L624) |
| 生態毒性値 | LC50 Crangon crangon (Tisbe battagliai copepodid stage) 172 mg/l/24 hr in sea water at 15 °CLC50 Daphnia magna (young) 17 mg/l/24-48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/LC50 Daphnia magna (adult) 2161 mg/l /Conditions of bioassay not specified/LC50 Brine shrimp 56157 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PHENOL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 環境中動態 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: The Koc for phenol in a Batcombe silt loam soil (pH 6.7, organic carbon 2.51%) is 30.2(1). The Koc for phenol is 16.1 for a Brookstone clay loam (pH 5.7, organic matter 5.1%) and varied with pH and iron content of the soil(2). The Freundlich K (1/N) for phenol in Captina (pH 5.7, 1.1 % organic matter) and Palouse silt loam (pH 5.7, 3.6% organic matter) soils are 0.58 (1.15) and 0.81 (1.00)(3)the Koc values for these soils are 91 and 38.8(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(4), Koc values in these ranges, indicate that phenol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC), given a Henry's law constant of 3.33X10-7 atm cu m/mol at 25 °C(5). Phenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC), based upon a measured vapor pressure of 0.35 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Phenol degradation in soil is completed in 2-5 days, even in subsurface soils(7).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2900 and 3100 for phenol in <2 um and >2 um sediment, respectively (2), indicates that phenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces would not be expected to be a major fate process(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.33X10-7 atm cu m/mol at 25 °C(4). The pKa of phenol is 9.99(5), indicating that phenol will primarily exist in its un-ionized form in the environment. The BCFs reported in fish include: Goldorfe, 20(6)goldfish (Carassius auratus), 1.9(7)fish (unspecified), 17(8)fish (unspecified), 1.7(9)and 39, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)(10). According to a classification scheme(11), reported BCF values and the rapid elimination of phenol suggests that bioaccumulation of phenol is unlikely(SRC). According to a classification scheme(11), BCF values <30 are low and from 100 or greater are high. No oxidants were formed when an aqueous phenol solution was irradiated with sunlight for 5 hours(12). Phenol is completely mineralized in <1 day in water from 3 lakesrates increase with increasing concns of phenol and the organic content of the water (e.g., degraded faster in an eutrophic lake than an oligotropic one)(13). Phenol was completely removed in river water after 2 days at 20 °C and after 4 days at 4 °C(14). The rates of photolysis in summer sunlight (24 °C, midday surface irradiance 4.9 E/sq m-hr) and winter (10 °C, midday surface irradiance 2.9 E/sq m-hr) were determined in distilled water (0.016 M phosphate buffer and treated with 0.4% formaldehyde), poisoned estuarine water (treated with 0.4% formaldehyde), and estuarine waster, all at pH 7.7, using ring-UL-14C-labeled phenol in a flask suspended 3 cm below the surface of water in an outdoor tank of circulating estuarine water(15). The phototransformation half-lives in distilled, poisoned estuarine water, and estuarine water were 46, 43, and 39 hours in summer, respectively, and 173, 118, and 94 hours in winter, respectively(15). The photomineralization (CO2 appearance) half-lives in distilled, poisoned estuarine water, and estuarine water were 16, 16, and 7 days in summer, respectively, and 169, 110, and 73 days in winter, respectively(15).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phenol, which has a measured vapor pressure of 0.35 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The measured rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phenol with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.63X10-11 cu cm/molecule s at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 14.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phenol with nitrate radicals is 3.92X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(4,5). This corresponds to a half-life of 12 minutes at a nitrate radical concn of 2.4X10+8 per cu cm (over continental areas)(SRC). The reaction with nitrate radicals is only important during the nighttime(SRC). Phenol does not absorb UV radiation >290(6), and would not be expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| 食品調査値 | The concn of phenol in summer smoked sausage and smoked pork belly was 7 ppm and 28.6 ppm, respectively(1). Commercial mouthwashes and lozenges contain phenol at concns of 1.4-1.45% and 32.5 mg per lozenge(1). Phenol was identified, but not quantified, as a volatile in Mountain cheese(2), fried bacon(3), fried chicken(4), clams(6), short-necked clams(6), and coffee(5). Phenol concns of 1540, 39,100, 2400, and 256 ng/g were determined in the volatile component of Korean salt-fermented fish and shrimp pastes from a Korean market that were made from anchovy, big eyed herring, hair tail viscera, and shrimp, respectively(7). The volatile components of different meats of a commonly consumed crab in Asia (Charybdis feriatus) were investigated(8). It was determined that phenol concentrations (ug/kg dry weight) in the following crab meats were 9.1 (legs and claws), 12.0 (body), and 78.8 (carapace)(8). The volatile components of three commercial brands of fermented soybean curds were analyzed, and contained phenol concns of 5747.9, 6077.4, and 445.1 ug/kg, dry weight(9). Naturally occurring volatiles of Australian blue gum honey were isolated and the mean phenol concentration was 0.5 mg/kg(10). Volatile components in rotten mussels were isolated and measured to be 0.49 ug/g, wet weight(11). |
| 有害作用 | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin |
| 暴露経路 | Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactInhalation (L159)oral (L159)dermal (L159)eye contact (L159) |
| 毒性の概要 | HUMAN TOXICITY: Phenol is toxic with a probable oral lethal dose to humans of 50-500 mg/kg. Some individuals may be hypersensitive with lethality or serious effects at very low exposures. Rapid absorption and severe systemic toxicity can occur after any route of exposure including skin. Death and severe toxicity are usually due to effects on the CNS, heart, blood vessels, lung, and kidneys. However, toxic manifestations may vary somewhat with the route. Observed effects from acute exposure may include: shock, delirium, coma, pulmonary distress, phenolic breath, scanty/dark urine, and death. Protracted or chronic exposure usually results in major damage to the liver, kidneys and eyes. Pigmentary changes of the skin have been noted. Consumption of water contaminated with phenol resulted in diarrhea, mouth sores, burning of the mouth, and dark urine. Phenol is highly caustic to tissues. Skin exposure results in pain, then numbness, blanching, severe burns, and eschar formation. Ingestion leads to burning of throat and severe gastrointestinal inflammation. Inhalation can result in pulmonary irritation and edema. ANIMAL TOXICITY: Toxicity in animals is similar to that of humans, although additional effects have been observed. LD50's in animals range from 250-500 mg/kg, differing very little with route of exposure or species, except for the cat which is unusually susceptible with an oral lethal dose of 80 mg/kg. Additional reported toxic effects include irritation and corrosivity of skin and eyes in rabbits, induction of skin tumors in mice, reproductive effects in rats, and mutagenicity with Salmonella, E coli and Drosophila. Phenol is also highly toxic to aquatic life and frogs. METABOLISM: Phenol is metabolized and excreted principally by the kidneys as the sulfate or glucuronide, although some phenol may be excreted unchanged, especially at high doses. Other reported metabolites include hydroquinone, other quinones and catechols.Phenol is irritating and corrosive at high concentrations. Phenol impairs the stratum corneum and produces coagulation necrosis by denaturing and precipitating proteins. It is suggested that dermal application of phenol increases the formation of free radicals in the skin, and that the redox cycling of these radicals reduces antioxidant capacity, leading to significant oxidative damage of protein, DNA, and lipids. Phenol also act as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. (A227, L624) |
| 生態毒性抜粋 | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ Phenol is very toxic to fish and has a nearly unique quality of tainting the taste of fish if present in marine environments at 0.1-1.0 ppm./AQUATIC SPECIES/ In grey mullet exposed to 5 mg phenol/l for 8 days, blood sugar and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase in blood plasma were above controlsno gross pathology was observed. After an 8 day exposure to 7.5 mg phenol/l, blood hemoglobin concn, hematocrit value, and lactate, protein, glyceride, and cholesterol concentrations were below controls and blood sugar concn and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and GPT were above controls. Damage to gills, liver, gallbladder, and kidney was observed. Higher concentrations (10-28 mg/l) were lethal in several hours0.5 mg/l was nontoxic during an 8 day exposure. |
| RCRA 要件 | U188As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when phenol, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). |
| TSCA 要件 | Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulagated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Phenol is included on this list. |
| FIFRA 要件 | As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Phenol is found on List D. Case No: 4074Pesticide type: antimicrobialCase Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): PhenolData Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/30/93AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.Phenol is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.Phenol is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. |
| 大気基準 | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Phenol is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart.Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Phenol is included on this list.Phenol has been designated as a hazardous air pollutant under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. |
| CERCLA 報告数量 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Phenol is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 micronsor is handled in solution or in molten formor meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... . |
| 清浄水法要件 | Criterion (permissible level) for ambient water= 0.3 mg phenol/l.The criterion (permissible level) for protection of freshwater aquatic life is 600 ug/l (24 hr avg) and a ceiling of 3,400 ug/l.Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.Phenol is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. |
| 州飲料水ガイドライン | (CA) CALIFORNIA 4,200 ug/l(FL) FLORIDA 10 ug/l(ME) MAINE 2,100 ug/L(MN) MINNESOTA 4000 ug/lFor more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for PHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 連邦飲料水ガイドライン | EPA 2000 ug/l |
| F | 8-23 |
| 職業暴露区分（OEB） | A |
| 職業暴露限界（OEL） | TWA: 5 ppm (19 mg/m3), Ceiling: 15.6 ppm (60 mg/m3) [15-minute] [skin] |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 2 |
| 生命健康即時危険濃度 | 250 ppm |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | SJ3325000 |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 2821 6.1/PG II/III (PHENOL SOLUTION) |
| 毒性 | LD50 orally in rats: 530 mg/kg (Deichmann, Witherup) |
| PRTR法 | 第一種指定化学物質 |
| 税関コード | 29071100 |
| 危険文句（R） | 23/24/25-34-48/20/21/22-68-40-39/23/24/25-11-36-20/21/22-24/25 |
| 化審法 | (3)-481 優先評価化学物質 |
| 安衛法 | 特化則 特定化学物質(第3類) |
| 危険表示 | T,C,F,Xn |
| 安全措置（S） | 26-36/37/39-45-36/37-28A-28-24/25-1/2-36-16-7 |
| 危険等級 | 6.1Acute Tox. 4 DermalAcute Tox. 4 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralEye Irrit. 2Flam. Liq. 2 |
| 包装等級 | II |
| 毒劇物取締法 | 劇物 |
| 自然発火温度 | 715 °C |
| 環境リスク評価 | フェノール(108-95-2) |
| 貯蔵分類 | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| 有害物質データ | 108-95-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
1個またはそれ以上の水酸基がベンゼン環に直接ついたフェノール誘導体の総称．その水酸基の数に応じて一価フェノール，二価フェノール，三価フェノールとよび，二価以上を一括して多価フェノール(またはポリフェノール)という．一価フェノールは一般に特有の臭いをもつ．ふつうのフェノール(ヒドロキシベンゼン)のほか，クレゾール，チモール，カルバクロールなどがあり，そのほか，ベンゼン核2個をもつ二価のビスフェノールA，ナフタレン核をもつナフトール(一価)，ビナフトール(二価)などがある．
用途
汎用試薬、試液調製原料、有機合成原料、消毒薬。
用途
消毒剤、歯科用(局部麻酔剤)、ピクリン酸?サルチル酸?フェナセチン?染料中間物の製造、合成樹脂及び可塑剤、合成香料、ビスフェノールA,アニリン、2,6-キシレノール、農薬、安定剤、界面活性剤の原料、化粧品原料(変性剤、消臭剤、防腐剤)
用途
汎用試薬、調製液原料。
用途
薄層クロマトグラフィー、ペーパークロマトグラフィーの展開溶媒。
用途
上水中等のフェノール類の試験用フェノール標準液調製用。
用途
フェノールは、ベンゼンから合成されるヒドロキシル基を持つ芳香族化合物で、フェノール樹脂の原料として、またエポキシ樹脂の原料であるビスフェノールAの合成に使用される他、各種化学薬品の原料として使用される。 フェノール樹脂の原料として、また、エポキシ樹脂の原料であるビスフェノールAの合成として使用される他、染料 界面活性剤 殺菌剤，農薬、医薬、その中間体等々、幅広い化学薬品の原料として使用される。
用途
汎用試薬、試液調製原料、有機合成原料。
用途
たん白質分解時のアミノ酸保護剤。
用途
消毒剤、歯科用麻酔剤、染料中間物原料
用途
DNA, RNAの抽出精製用。
説明
Phenol is a stable chemical substance and appear as colourless/white crystals with a characteristic, distinct aromatic/acrid odour. It is reactive and incompatible with strong oxidising agents, strong bases, strong acids, alkalis, and calcium hypochlorite. Phenol is flammable and may discolour in light. Phenol is used in the manufacture or production of explosives, fertiliser, coke, illuminating gas, lampblack, paints, paint removers, rubber, perfumes, asbestos goods, wood preservatives, synthetic resins, textiles, drugs, and pharmaceutical preparations. It is also extensively used as a disinfectant in the petroleum, leather, paper, soap, toy, tanning, dye, and agricultural industries.
天然物の起源
It is reported found in over 150 natural products including apricot, sour cherry, black currant, bilberry, cranberry, other berries, grapes, guava fruit, peach, pineapple, asparagus, onion, cooked potato, tomato, cinnamon bark, cassia leaf, ginger, pennyroyal oil, many cheeses, butter, milk, milk powder, boiled egg, fish and fish oil, cooked and cured meats, beer, wheaten bread, crisp bread, cognac, rose wine, cocoa, coffee, tea, whiskies, roasted filbert, roasted peanut, soybean, pecans, honey, avocado, Arctic bramble, passion fruit, beans, mushrooms, burley tobacco, cooked beef and chicken, fermented soy sauce, trassi, roasted almonds, sesame seed, fenugreek, mango, tamarind, Brazil nut, rice, rhubarb, licorice, buckwheat, watercress, malt, wort, dried bonito, loquat, myrtle berry, rosemary, Tahiti and Bourbon vanilla, endive, shrimp, crab, crayfish, clam, squid, truffle and Chinese quince.
来歴
Phenol’s first prominent use was by Joseph Lister (1827–1912) as an antiseptic. Throughout human history,infection often resulted in death,even when the wound could be surgically treated.A broken bone piercing the skin, which today is a painful but not life-threatening injury,historically resulted in infection and possible amputation or death. Lister was inspired by Louis Pasteur’s (1822–1895) germ theory of disease,and he began to use antiseptic methods during routine surgery during the 1860s.
使用
phenol is frequently used for medical chemical face peels. It may trap free radicals and can act as a preservative. Phenol, however, is an extremely caustic chemical with a toxicity potential. It is considered undesirable for use in cosmetics. even at low concentrations, it frequently causes skin irritation, swelling, and rashes.
一般的な説明
A solid melting at 110°F. Colorless if pure, otherwise pink or red. Flash point 175°F. Density 9.9 lb / gal. Vapors are heavier than air Corrosive to the skin (turning skin white) but because of its anesthetic quality numbs rather than burn. Lethal amounts can be absorbed through the skin. Used to make plastics and adhesives.
製法・合成法
製造方法
Phenol is formed in dry distillation of wood, peat and coal; coal tar is one of the commercial sources of phenol and its homologues.
調製方法
Historically, phenol was produced by the distillation of coal tar. Today, phenol is prepared by one of several synthetic methods, such as the fusion of sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide followed by acidification; the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene by dilute sodium hydroxide at high temperature and pressure to give sodium phenate, which on acidification liberates phenol (Dow process); or the catalytic vapor-phase reaction of steam and chlorobenzene at 500°C (Raschig process).