루시딘

Madder root (Rubia tinctorum)

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 82: (2002) Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene

2002

2002

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 15-20 male and female ACI rats, weighing 150-200 g, were fed a standard diet containing 0, 1 or 10% madder root (Rubia tinctorum) for 780 days. This root contained lucidin (0.34%) but also large amounts of alizarin (0.67%; 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) and the primeverosides of both compounds. All surviving animals were killed and necropsied at 780 days. In the groups receiving 10% madder root diet, 2/16 males and 3/17 females developed hepatocellular adenomas, whereas none were observed in the controls or the 1% madder root group of either sex. In addition, renal tubule-cell adenomas were observed in 1/16 males and 2/16 females in the 10% madder root group and a renal tubule-cell carcinoma in 1/14 males in the 1% madder root group. No renal tumors were seen in the control groups.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Madder root, Rubia tinctorum L., is a traditional herbal medicine used against kidney stones. Recently /it was/ reported that lucidin, a hydroxyanthraquinone derivative present in this plant, is mutagenic in bacteria and mammalian cells. ...The formation of DNA adducts in tissue culture and mice /were also demonstrated/ after treatment with this compound. To elucidate the possible carcinogenicity of madder root, three groups of male and female ACI rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with 1 or 10% drug for a total period of 780 days. Weight gain and morbidity were not different among the three groups. Non-neoplastic lesions related to the treatment were evident in the liver and kidneys of both sexes. Moreover, dose-dependent increases in benign and malignant tumor formation were observed in the liver and kidneys of treated animals. 32P-post-labelling analysis showed an increase in the overall level of DNA adducts observed in the liver, kidney and colon of rats treated with 10% madder root in the diet for 2 weeks. HPLC analysis of 32P-labelled DNA adducts revealed a peak co-migrating with an adduct obtained after in vitro treatment of deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate with lucidin.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The genotoxic activity of lucidin (1,3-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone), ... was tested in a battery of short-term tests. The compound was mutagenic in five Salmonella typhimurium strains without metabolic activation, and the mutagenicity was increased after addition of rat liver S9 mix. In V79 cells, lucidin was mutagenic at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene locus and active at inducing DNA single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links as assayed by the alkaline elution method. Lucidin also induced DNA repair synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes and transformed C3H/M2-mouse fibroblasts in culture.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Mutagenicity of anthraquinone aglycones from Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae) was examined using the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster. Larvae heterozygous for recessive wing trichome mutations, multiple wing hairs (mwh), and flare (flr3) were exposed to test compounds and wings of emerged mwh/flr3 females were inspected for the presence of phenotypically mutant mosaic spots. No significant increase in the frequency of mutant spots was observed after the treatment of Drosophila larvae with pure lucidin.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LUCIDIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of madder root (Rubia tinctorum). Overall evaluation: Madder root (Rubia tinctorum) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Madder root (Rubia tinctorum)/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/