탄산 납(II)

6.582 g/cu cm

6.6 g/cm³

6.61 @25 °C

Sol in acids and alkalies; insoluble in alcohol and ammonia

In water, 0.00011 g/100 mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.0001

Lead carbonate decomposes at 315 °C. /From table/

The carbonate of ... lead in contact with fluorine /is/ decomposed at ordinary temperatures with incandescence.

When heated to decomp ... emits toxic fumes of /lead/.

315 °C. This produces toxic fumes of lead oxide. Reacts violently with fluorine. This generates fire hazard.

315 °C, decomposes

315 °C

Other Solid; Wet Solid; Dry Powder

Colorless crystals; [HSDB] Practically insoluble (1.1 mg/L at 25 deg C); [ATSDR ToxProfiles]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

Transformed in hot water to the basic carbonate, 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2

Divalent lead has a strong affinity for inorganic ions containing oxygen (eg, carbonate) or sulfur (sulfide). Lead can also complex with electron rich ligands in many organic cmpd such as amino acids, proteins, and humic acid.

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/

Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (25.2%), Pb-207 (21.7%) and Pb-208 (51.7%). Lead isotopes are the end-products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: Pb-206 for the uranium series, Pb-207 for the actinium series and Pb-208 for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized.

Danger

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]；H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]；H360 (96.6%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]；H373 (98.3%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]；H400 (93.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 59 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Chemical: Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1)

Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 15-09-2010 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/11017

Restricted substance: Neutral anhydrous carbonate (PbCO3 )；EC: 209-943-4；Restriction condition document: PDF link

Restricted substance: Lead carbonate；EC: 247-054-3；Restriction condition document: PDF link

Lead (II) carbonate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol 87 Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, (2006). IARC Monographs provide critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations.

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Employment/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Empolyment/

For more OSHA Standards (Complete) data for LEAD CARBONATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

In view of the economic importance of lead and its latent danger, it is desirable that lead residues be routed to a recovery plant to a great extent. Treatment with nitric acid to produce lead nitrate and subsequent precipitation of lead sulfide by introducing hydrogen sulfide into the lead nitrate soln is suitable as a standard method for recovering lead from impure residues and various lead cmpd. The filtered lead sulfide can then be directed to the recovery plant. Where lead carbonate occurs in small, distributed amt after use, disposal along with refuse and inert waste will be safe in most cases. It should nevertheless be pointed out in a precautionary sense that lead carbonate is not insoluble. Recommendable methods: Recycling, precipitation, solidification, & landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner so that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc. /Lead/

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced. /Lead/

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Lead/

In a series of experiments, the toxicity of lead to worms in soil was determined following the draft OECD earthworm reproduction toxicity protocol except that lead was added as solid lead nitrate, carbonate and sulfide ... The compounds were added to the test soil to give lead concn of 625-12 500 ug Pb/g of soil. Calculated toxicities of the lead decreased in the order nitrate > carbonate > sulfide, the same order as the decrease in the solubility of the metal compounds used. The 7-day LC50 ... for the nitrate was 5,321 +/- 275 ug Pb/g of soil, and this did not change with time. The LC50 values for carbonate and sulfide could not be determined at the concn ranges used. The only parameter sensitive enough to distinguish the toxicities of the three compounds was cocoon (egg) production. The EC50s for cocoon production (the concn to produce a 50% reduction in cocoon production) were 993, 8,604, and 10,246 pg Pb/g of soil for lead nitrate, carbonate, and sulfide, respectively ...

... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.

To determine if additive or synergistic toxic effects would occur, adult male rats were exposed orally to lead carbonate (2,000 mg/kg) for 9 days before trichloroethylene (TCE), 2,000 mg/kg, was given concurrently for an additional 7 days. Comparisons were made with groups of vehicle-treated rats and rats given only lead or only TCE. Potential neurotoxicity was evaluated by using the Functional Observational Battery (FOB) recommended for neurotoxicity screening. Rats were sacrificed on day 16, and brain, testes, spleen, kidney/adrenals, heart, and liver weighed and observed for pathological changes. Results of the FOB indicated that lead carbonate was more responsible than TCE for changes observed. Additive or synergistic neurotoxicities were not noted. Histological examination of the kidney from lead-treated rats revealed inclusions, an increased incidence of coagulated proteins, and tubular dilation that was generally more severe in the medullary segments. Gastric and testicular necrosis were found in rats given lead carbonate both with and without TCE (15/20 and 6/20 treated, respectively). The results suggest that, even when given concurrently, the toxicities of lead carbonate and TCE are expressed only as though one toxicant was given.

Toxic amt of zinc prevented the development of clinical signs of lead poisoning in horses 2-3 wk old which were fed for 30 wk with a diet containing 3.5-108.5 mg/kg lead carbonate and 24.7-181.7 mg/kg zinc oxide.

The addn of lead carbonate at the level of 30 ppm to the ration increased the lead concn in whole blood, liver, kidney, vertebra, rib, but not in metacarpal diaphysis or epiphysis, brain, lung, or muscle in young horses. Five groups of foals were fed rations that differed in calcium & phosphorus content for 26 wk. The liver was the only organ where the lead values from foals fed rations containing the least amt of calcium were significantly higher.

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: >10000000 ug/L for 48 hr /100% purity finely ground/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: > 5000000 ug/L for 96 hr /100% purity finely ground/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Lead carbonate should not leach in soil because of its relative insolubility. In soil, lead is expected to convert to more insoluble forms such as PbSO4, Pb3(PO4)2, PbS, and PbO(1). It also forms complexes with organic matter and clay minerals that limits its mobility.

AQUATIC FATE: In solution, Pb++ will form ligands. The dominant complexes formed will be a function of pH(2). In freshwater systems, the most important ligands are HCO3, CO3, OH and (OH)2, whereas in seawater they are Cl, CO3, (OH), (OH)2, Cl2, and Cl3(1). Lead carbonate will partially precipitate depending on the pH and other ions in solution.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: While lead carbonate may be released to the atmosphere during its production and use, most of the compounds will be formed in the air from other lead compounds. In the atmosphere, it will be in particulate matter and be subject to washout and gravitational settling. (SRC)

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor；Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.；Hemolytic anemia - Decreased hemoglobin or number of red blood cells.；Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.；IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.；NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.；ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a series of experiments, the toxicity of lead to worms in soil was determined following the draft OECD earthworm reproduction toxicity protocol except that lead was added as solid lead nitrate, carbonate and sulfide ... The compounds were added to the test soil to give lead concn of 625-12 500 ug Pb/g of soil. Calculated toxicities of the lead decreased in the order nitrate > carbonate > sulfide, the same order as the decrease in the solubility of the metal compounds used. The 7-day LC50 ... for the nitrate was 5,321 +/- 275 ug Pb/g of soil, and this did not change with time. The LC50 values for carbonate and sulfide could not be determined at the concn ranges used. The only parameter sensitive enough to distinguish the toxicities of the three compounds was cocoon (egg) production. The EC50s for cocoon production (the concn to produce a 50% reduction in cocoon production) were 993, 8,604, and 10,246 pg Pb/g of soil for lead nitrate, carbonate, and sulfide, respectively ...

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].

Cerrusite is lead carbonate(1). Lead carbonate (PbCO3) may also be formed from lead compounds released into the atmosphere or natural waters(1,2).

Chemical: Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1)

Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 15-09-2010 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/11017

Restricted substance: Neutral anhydrous carbonate (PbCO3 )；EC: 209-943-4；Restriction condition document: PDF link

Restricted substance: Lead carbonate；EC: 247-054-3；Restriction condition document: PDF link

Lead (II) carbonate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/

In rat pups chronically exposed to lead carbonate, biochemical changes incl diminished potassium chloride (KCl) evoked release of exogenous (3)h-dopamine from brain slices, and suppression of dopamine receptor mediated activation of adenylate cyclase in neostriatal homogenates. Results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms assoc with lead evoked neurochemical changes and the role that each effect may play in the lead induced alterations of locomotor activity.

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)

IVE: This study was designed to evaluate the source of Pb in blood of ... 49 children (48 < 5 years of age) along with 18 adults (> 20 years of age) ... . Mean PbB level of the children was 7.5 ug/dL (range, 1.5-25.7 ug/dL; n = 49; geometric mean, 6.6 ug/dL), with four children whose PbB was > 12 ug/dL. The isotopic data for blood samples lay around two distinct arrays. The blood of all children analyzed for Pb isotopes contained a contribution of Pb from the Magellan mine, which for young children ranged from 27% up to 93% (mean, 64%; median, 71%). Subtraction of the ore component gave a mean background PbB of 2.3 ug/dL. Several children whose PbB was > 9 ug/dL and most of the older subjects have complex sources of Pb. ... The death of the birds acted as a sentinel event; otherwise, the exposure of the community, arising from such a toxic form of Pb, could have been tragic ...

Adult male dogs were given daily doses of 34.1 mg and 68.2 mg basic lead carbonate for 60 days. Ratio of urinary lead excretion to total lead admin was very small, 0.24 & 0.09% respectively. 98.7 & 98.9% respectively of total lead admin was fecally excreted. Urinary and fecal excretions totalled 98.4 & 97.9% respectively. The highest concn was found in teeth and bones, followed by bone marrow, hair, and trachea. /Basic lead carbonate/

Used in polymerization catalysts, curing agents for silicon resins; heat-resistant lubricants; lead-acid storage batteries, wire-reinforced hoses, thermistors, and heat stabilizers for PVC polymers; Also used in electrophotography and thermographic copying; [HSDB]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Catalyzes the polymerization of formaldehyde to high molecular weight crystalline poly(oxymethylene) products; used in poly(vinyl chloride) friction liners for pulleys on drive cables of hoisting engines; to improve the bond of polychloroprene to metals in wire-reinforced hoses, 10-25 parts of lead carbonate are used in the elastomer; used as a component of high pressure lubricating greases, as a catalyst in the curing of moldable thermosetting silicone resins, as a coating on vinyl chloride polymers to improve their dielectric properties, as a component of corrosion-resistant, dispersion-strengthened grids in lead-acid storage batteries, as a photoconductor for electrophotography, as a coating on heat-sensitive sheets for thermographic copying, as a component of a lubricant-stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride), as a component in the manufacture of thermistors, and as a component in slip-preventing waxes for steel cables to provide higher wear resistance.

Catalyst for the polymerization of formaldehyde to high molecular weight crystalline poly(oxymethylene) products; in PVC friction liners for pulleys or drive cables of hoisting engines; to improve bonding of polychloroprene to metals in wire-reinforced hoses, 10-25 parts of lead caronate are used in the elastomer; component of high pressure lubricating greases; component of high pressure lubricating greases; catalysts in the curing of moldable thermosetting silicone resins; in coating on vinyl chloride polymers to improve dielectric properties; component of corrosion-resistant, dispersion-strengthened grids in lead-acid storage batteries; as a photoconductor for electrophotography, in coatings on heat-sensitive sheets for thermographic copying; component of a lubricant-stabilizer for PVC; component in the manuacture of thermistors; component in slip-preventing waxes for steel cables to provide higher wear resistence (A581).

Lead carbonate is available in USA as a commercial grade with minimum purity of 99.0%. Impurities typically present include: nitrate & nitrite (as HNO3), 0.005% max; zinc, 30 mg/kg max; chloride, 20 mg/kg max; cadmium, 20 mg/kg max; and iron, 20 mg/kg max. Lead carbonate in Japan has min purity of 99.0%. It may contain the following impurities: water, 1% max; matter sol in water, 0.5% max; & matter insol in acetic acid, 0.1% max.

2023: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb；2022: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb；2021: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb；2020: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb

(1972) 9.13X10+9 g (consumption)

(1974) 2.7 million kg (consumption)

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3423]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt. Aggreated National Production Volume: 100 to <500 million pounds.

Primary Metal Manufacturing；All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1): ACTIVE

Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:?): INACTIVE

Lead carbonate itself has very limited industrial use; however one basic lead carbonate, lead dihydroxydicarbonate (2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2), containing 62-66% lead carbonate, is used commercially.