디메틸 카보네이트

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

General First Aid:

Explosion: In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Air sensitive.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.9 (SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dimethyl carbonate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dimethyl carbonate from moist soil surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Dimethyl carbonate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 55.364 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A >90% biodegradation using activated sludge in the OECD Modified MITI test(5) indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.9(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dimethyl carbonate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces may be expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.9 hours and 4.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.23(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A >90% biodegradation using activated sludge in the OECD Modified MITI test(7) indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dimethyl carbonate, which has a vapor pressure of 55 mm Hg at 25 °C (2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethyl carbonate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 24.6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 0.44X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Dimethyl carbonate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the following 6 dialkyl carbonates are safe in the present practices of use and concentration, as described in this safety assessment, when formulated to be non-irritating...Dimethyl Carbonate...

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

Cough.

Redness.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of dimethyl carbonate can be estimated to be 2.9 (SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that dimethyl carbonate is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated in fish for dimethyl carbonate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.23(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for dimethyl carbonate is estimated as 6.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that dimethyl carbonate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1.9 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.2 days(SRC). Dimethyl carbonate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Dimethyl carbonate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 55.364 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Exposure by inhalation appeared relatively hazardous, since 8000 ppm caused rapid onset of gasping, loss of coordination, frothing from the mouth and nose, and pulmonary edema with death of all rats in a period of 2 hours.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The undiluted dimethyl carbonate liquid has an oral LD50 in the rat and the mouse between 6.4 and 12.8 g/kg and an intraperitoneal LD50 in the range of 800 to 1600 mg/kg. Symptoms were weakness, ataxia with gasping, and unconsciousness. A dermal LD50 in the guinea pig was found to be greater than 10 mL/kg. Some weight loss was noted, and minimal skin absorption was suspected. However, the degree of irritation was relatively slight.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Groups of 20 male and 20 female Wistar (SPF) rats (4-5 weeks of age at the start of the experiment) received dimethylcarbonate (DMC) in their drinking water at doses of 0 (control group), 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0% for 3 months. Doses up to and including 1.0% DMC had no effect on behavior or mortality of male or female rats. Body weight gain was also not influenced by DMC. Clinical laboratory investigations were carried out 1 and 3 months after the start of the experiment in 5 male and 5 female rats of each group. Hematological investigations revealed no adverse effects of DMC at any dose levels. Clinical historical chemical determinations revealed no marked deviations from the values found in control groups and were all within the biological range. Urinalyses carried out on urines from 5 male and 5 female rats of each group at 1 and 3 months revealed no differences between control animals and dosed groups. Autopsies were performed on all animals which died during the study, as well as those which survived the 3 month treatment period. The following organs were weighed: heart, lungs, thymus, liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, testes, and ovaries. Treatment with DMC had no consistent effect on absolute or relative weights of these organs. Samples of 29 tissues and organs were fixed in Bouin's solution for histological examination. In addition, the left lobe of each liver was fixed in formol-calcium for fat detection. Histopathological investigations revealed that neither the males nor the females treated with doses up to and including 1.0% DMC showed any increased incidence of organ changes Also, no substance-related increase in hepatic fat content was observed. It was concluded that DMC was tolerated by rats for 3 months without damage up to and including a dosage of 1.0% in drinking water

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Pregnant female CD-1 mice were exposed by inhalation to 0, 300, 1000, or 3000 ppm dimethylcarbonate during gestational days (GD) 6-15. Maternal body weights, clinical observations, & food consumption were recorded throughout gestation. At scheduled euthanization on GD 18, fetuses were weighed, sexed, & examined for external, visceral, & skeletal alterations. There were no treatment-related deaths or clinical findings. Maternal body weights & body weight gains were significantly reduced at 3000 ppm. Food consumption was also significantly reduced in the 1000 & 3000 ppm groups. Gestational parameters affected at 3000 ppm included postimplantation loss due to increased resorptions, & altered sex ratio (decreased males). Fetal body weights/litter were reduced at 3000 ppm, with increased number of stunted fetuses (<1 g). Total incidences of fetal malformations (external, visceral, & skeletal) were significantly increased at 3000 ppm & included cleft palate, microtia, low set ears, multiple skull bone malformations, & fused vertebral arches. There was also a treatment-related incr in skeletal variations at 3000 ppm. The NOEL for maternal & developmental toxicity was 1000 ppm.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dimethyl carbonate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 0.44X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 24.6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The alkyl carbonate esters hydrolyze very slowly in water when compared to the chloroformates. Under alkaline conditions, the rates of hydrolysis are similar to those of the corresponding acetic acid esters. The net result is the formation of hydroxy compounds and carbon dioxide(2). Dimethyl carbonate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of dimethyl carbonate is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,725 workers (0 of these were female) were potentially exposed to dimethyl carbonate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to dimethyl carbonate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethyl carbonate is produced or used.

Dimethyl carbonate's production and use as an environmentally benign methylating agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 55 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dimethyl carbonate will exist solely as a vapor. Vapor-phase dimethyl carbonate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 24.6 days. Dimethyl carbonate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, dimethyl carbonate is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.9. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Dimethyl carbonate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A >90% biodegradation using activated sludge in the OECD Modified MITI test indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, dimethyl carbonate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Dimethyl carbonate may hydrolyze under alkaline conditions however no rate information was available. Occupational exposure to dimethyl carbonate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethyl carbonate is produced or used. (SRC)

Air Quality: Revision to Definition of Volatile Organic Compounds--Exclusion of Propylene Carbonate and Dimethyl Carbonate. This action revises EPA's definition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for purposes of preparing state implementation plans (SIPs) to attain the national ambient air quality standard for ozone under Title I of the Clean Air Act (Act). This revision adds the compounds propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate to the list of compounds which are excluded from the definition of VOC on the basis that these compounds make a negligible contribution to tropospheric ozone formation.