도코세인

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required.

Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: General industrial hygiene practice.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for n-Docosane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place.

Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

The C-14 content of epidermis, dermis, subdermal muscle and certain other tissues was determined 48 hours following topical application of hexadecane-1-C-14 to the skin of guinea pigs. The effect of simultaneous application of U.S.P. heavy mineral oil, n-docosane, and heptane as well as hexadecane pre-treatment on the extent of penetration of hexadecane-1-C-14 was also measured. Large amounts of C-14 were found in the epidermis whereas relatively little accumulated in the dermis and underlying tissues. Each of the carrier vehicles reduced the amount of C-14 in the epidermis; whereas, docosane and mineral oil, but not heptane, reduced the amount of C-14 in the dermis and subdermal muscle. This correlated with the ability of heavy mineral oil and docosane, but not heptane, to decrease the dermatoxic effects of hexadecane. Pre-treatment of the skin with hexadecane 48 hours prior to application of hexadecane-1-C-14, if anything, increased the amount of the C-14 in the epidermis; however, pre-treatment with mineral oil:hexadecane reduced the amount of epidermal and dermal C-14 from a subsequent application of mineral oil:hexadecane-1-C-14. The results support the proposal that heavy mineral oil and alkanes with a chain length of over 20 carbon atoms reduce the dermatoxic effect of hexadecane by interfering with its penetration to the site of action. This site would appear to be either the deeper layers of epidermis or possibly the dermis. The increased uptake of hexadecane-C-14 by the epidermis following pretreatment with hexadecane provides a possible explanation for the more severe response seen with multiple hexadecane applications as opposed to a single application of the same amount of material.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.9X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that docosane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of docosane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 160 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Docosane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.28X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Docosane achieved 70 to 81% loss after 18 days in sewage sludge-amended soils(5), indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process under certain conditions in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.9X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that docosane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 160 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.8 hours and 7.0 days, respectively(SRC). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is greater than 2 years if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 31(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 11.15(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Docosane achieved 70 to 81% loss after 18 days in sewage sludge-amended soils(7), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process under certain conditions in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), docosane, which has a vapor pressure of 1.28X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase docosane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.81X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase docosane may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Docosane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Docosane is a solid n-alkane containing 22 carbon atoms (C22). Solid n-alkanes (paraffin waxes) are used in a variety of applications: as feeds for cracking them to gasoline blendstock materials, oxidation, and chlorination reactions. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: A homologous series of n-alkanes ranging from n-C12-n-C31 was found in all samples of bovine tissues.

Docosane detections in plants used in food and medicinal applications(1). /Docosane/[Table#8369]

n-Docosane detections in plants used in food and medicinal applications(1).[Table#8370]

Docosane was identified in the extract of some plastic materials from Concon, Chile(1); it was detected in the surface extract of new plastic bags, roadside litter, and landfill trash at concentrations of 74.7, 74.2, and 116.9 ug/g, respectively; it was detected in the particulate matter of open burn smoke from new plastic bags, roadside litter, and landfill trash, at concentrations of 10.6, 12.3, and 16.9 ng/mg, respectively; docasane was detected in the surface extract and the open burn smoke of new plastic bags from the United States at a concentration of 87.2 ug/g and 66.1 ng/mg, respectively(1). Average concentrations of docosane emitted as a result of Chinese cooking styles were reported as 192, 143, 34, and 65 ng/mg, for Cantonese style, Sichuan style, Dongbei style, and Hunan style cooking, respectively(2).

The Koc of docosane is estimated as 1.9X10+6(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 11.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that docosane is expected to be immobile in soil.

URBAN/SUBURBAN: A mean ambient air concentration of 32 ng/cu m was reported for docosane from monitoring data measured on September 9, 1993 at Central Los Angeles, Azusa, and Claremont(1). In 2002, docosane was detected in the gas-phase and the particulate-phase of urban and industrial air samples from Prato, Italy, at average concentrations of approximately 23.5 and 3 ng/cu m, respectively(2). Docosane was detected in the particulate matter of ambient urban air sampled daily from January 2003 through December 2004 in Augsburg, Germany; average concentrations reported for spring, summer, fall and winter were 4.97, 1.16, 4.12, and 12.24 ng/cu m, respectively(3). During late fall and winter seasons docosane was monitored in the particulate matter of ambient atmospheres in urban areas of Corvallis OR, Guangzhou China, Beijing China, and Taiyuan China, with reported concentrations of 0.3, 42.4, 170.4, and 54.9 ng/cu m, respectively(4).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Docosane was detected in the particle phase of tailpipe emissions from catalyst equipped gasoline powered motor vehicles at a concentration of 0.8 ug/km; and in the gas and particle phase of tailpipe emissions from non-catalyst equipped gasoline powered motor vehicles at concentrations of 29.8 and 228 ug/km, respectively; it was also detected in the gasoline at 1.5 ug/g(1). Docosane was detected in the particulate phase of emmisions from light-duty vehicles using diesel fuel at concentrations ranging from 20.73 to 79.51 ug/mg for vehicle with an emission control device and 421.9 ug/mg for the vehicle without an emission control device(2).

Barnacle samples collected from five locations in the Arabian Gulf had concentrations of docosane ranging from not detected to 4360 ng/g(1). Catfish samples collected from seven locations in the Arabian Gulf had concentrations of docosane ranging from <0.1 to 196 ng/g(2).

Alkanes such as docosane may be components in petroleum products(1) and may be released to the environment through the processing and combustion of petroleum products(SRC). Docosane's production and use in organic synthesis, calibration, and temperature sensing devices(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

AEROBIC: Docasane achieved 70 to 81% loss after 18 days in sewage sludge-amended soils(1). Biodegradation of docosane was measured by the biological oxygen demand using a suspension of Hudson-Collamer silt loam soil in water. Oxidation of docosane by microorganisms was achieved, resulting in 8.2 ug/mL oxygen consumed after 20 days(2).

Used in organic synthesis and in temperature-sensing devices; [Hawley]

Organic synthesis, calibration, temperature-sensing devices.

They are used mainly in applications for which isoalkanes are not acceptable for biological reasons, e.g., the production of detergents or proteins. /Higher n-Alkanes/

Solid n-alkanes (paraffin waxes) are used in a variety of applications, e.g., ... oxidation, and chlorination reactions. /Higher n-Alkanes/

The liquefaction of coal provides the greatest variety of saturated hydrocarbons. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis produces alkanes from syngas (CO + H2) in the range C1 to C30 or higher depending on the process variant: depending on the catalyst employed, the synthesis yields predominantly liquid hydrocarbons in the gasoline range, along with gases from C1 to C4 when iron-based catalysts are used, while cobalt-based catalysts produce longer chain hydrocarbons in the diesel and wax range that often undergo, depending of the desired product slate, further processing, especially for gasoline generation. While iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts generate complex mixtures that also include branched and olefinic hydrocarbons, cobalt-based catalysts produce streams that are rich in n-alkanes and are therefore suitable raw materials for detergents and for wax products. /Saturated Hydrocarbons/

Suitable sources for n-alkanes with more than six carbon atoms are the appropriate petroleum distillate fractions, from which the n-paraffins can be isolated in high isomeric purity (= 95% linearity) by selective separation techniques, especially fractional distillation. /Higher n-Alkanes/

All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing

Docosane: ACTIVE

Gas-phase dehydrogenation of n-alkanes over noble-metal catalysts yield the corresponding n-alkenes at low conversion rates (ca. 10%) with predominantly internal double bonds. The corresponding alkenes can be isolated in high purity by selective molecular-sieve processes. /Higher n-Alkanes/