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Pesticides

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Insecticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides

Pesticide (Fonofos) -> USDA PDB

log Kow= 3.94

3.94

3.89

Aromatic

Pungent mercaptan

1.16 at 77 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.16 @ 25 °C/25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.16

1.15

1.16 @25 °C

1.15

Light yellow liquid

Clear colorless liquid

0.001 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Miscible with ... acetone, ethanol, kerosene, methyl isobutyl ketone, xylene.

Miscible with organic solvents.

In water, 15.7 mg/l @ 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

0.001%

greater than 201 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

>200 °F, 93 °C

94 °C c.c.

>201 °F

>201 °F

266 °F at 0.1 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

130 °C @ 0.1 mm Hg

at 0.013kPa: 130 °C

266 °F at 0.1 mmHg

380 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H300+H310+H330 (81.2%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

2002/2076

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

When this material is heated to decomposition, it can emit highly toxic fumes of phosphorus oxides. (EPA, 1998)

Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Classified as highly toxic, the more concentrated formulations of fonofos may be used only by certified applicators. It persists in soil with a half-life of about 40 days. [EXTOXNET] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]

Fonofos (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithiolate; case number 0105), an organophophate (OP) pesticide, was scheduled for a reregistration decision in 1999. However, the registrants that support fonofos requested voluntary cancellation... . Registrants have been granted a one year existing stocks provision, as detailed in the final Federal Register cancellation notice. The /fact sheet/ information is based on an abbreviated review of the existing information on fonofos. As a result of the voluntary cancellation, a thorough review for reregistration was not completed.[USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document Facts- O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithiolate (Fonofos). EPA 738-F-99-019 November 1999. Available from, as of June 17, 2003: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Classified for restricted use and limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Emulsifiable concentrates 44% and greater; Use Pattern: All uses; Classification: Restricted; Criteria Influencing Restriction: Acute dermal toxicity.

Classified for restricted use and limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Emulsifiable concentrates 12.6% and less with pebulate 50.3% and less; Use Pattern: Tobacco; Classification: Unclassified.

Time limited tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide O-ethyl S-phenylethylphosphonodithiote, including its oxygen analog (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothiolate, in or on the following food commodities: asparagus (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02); banana (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; beet, sugar, tops (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, field, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, field, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, field, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn sweet kernel plus cob with husks removed (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, pop, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, pop, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, sweet, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, sweet, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; peanut (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; peanut, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; pea, field, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; pea, field, vines (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; peppermint, tops (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; plantain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sorghum, grain, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sorghum, grain, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sorghum, grain, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; soybean, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; spearmint, tops (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; strawberry (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sugarcane, cane (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; vegetable, leafy (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; vegetable, fruiting, group 8 (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; vegetable, root crop (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; and vegetable, seed and pod (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Fonofos is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0105; Pesticide type: insecticide; Registration Standard Date: 03/01/84; Case status: None of the active ingredients in the case are being supported for reregistration by their registrants. All are unsupported, or some are unsupported and some are cancelled. Cases described as "unsupported" generally are being processed for cancellation.; Active ingredient (AI): Fonofos; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 11/18/91, 10/13/95; AI Status: Registrants of the pesticide have not made or honored a commitment to seek reregistration, conduct the necessary studies, or pay the requisite fees, or they have asked EPA to cancel their product registrations. Unless some other interested party supports them, products containing the pesticide will be cancelled.

All remaining fonofos products were canceled effective November 2, 1998; Registrants' sale and distribution of existing stocks was permitted until November 2, 1999; Existing stocks already in the hands of dealers and users can be distributed, sold, and used until these stocks are exhausted.

This compound is a liquid organophosphorus insecticide. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised.

(General first aid procedures)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, and water spray to cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Containers include: glass bottles (5 and 15 l), receptacles (1 and 5 l, 2.5 kg), and carboys; plastic bottles and receptacles (1, 5, 15, 20, 25, and 60 l, and 2.5 kg); earthenware receptacles (1, 5, and 15 l, 2.5 kg); metal cans, tins, or tubes (6 and 12 kg) and receptacles (250 ml, 1, 5, 20, and 60 l, 2.5 kg); wooden boxes (2.5 and 12 kg); fiber cans and boxes (3 and 6 kg); paper, plastic, and foil bags (2.5, 5, 25, and 50 kg); plywood, fiber, and plastic drums (60 l, and 55, 100, or 200 kg); wood barrel (200 kg); metal barrels and drums (40, 60, and 250 l, 50 and 100 kg); cylinders, cylindrical steel overpack with inside plastic containers; tank car, tank motor vehicle, portable tanks. ... Stable under normal conditions.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT wash away into sewer. (Extra personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus).

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

This compound is a liquid organophosphorus insecticide. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Hydrolysis... /of treated residues/: Alkaline hydrolysis produces methylphosphoramidoate and methyl mercaptan. Those products are less hazardous. Acid hydrolysis yields ... dimethylphosphorathioate and ammonia. ...Containers should be thoroughly drained and rinsed with aqueous alkali. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Large amounts incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985)) /Monitor/

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for FONOFOS (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

...Pronamide has little or no effect on degradation of ...dyfonate ...in plants.

When applied pre-seeding to sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Jubilee), combinations of Eradicane and fonofos caused up to 29% malformation of ears. The injury ranged from slight to severe curvature of the ear together with shortening and twisting of the husk. None of the other treatments or combination of treatments produced similar phytotoxic symptoms.

Hepatic

respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

LD50 Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) 0.020 mg/l/96 hr @ 13 °C (95% confidence limit 0.016-0.025mg/l), wt 1.7 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l.

LD50 Lepomis macrolophus (Bluegill) 0.007 mg/l/96 hr @ 24 °C (95% confidence limit 0.005-0.009 mg/l), wt 1.0 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) oral 16.9 mg/kg (95% confidence limit 13.4-21.3 mg/l), males 3-4 mo of age

LC50 Rainbow trout 0.110 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FONOFOS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), the wide range of Koc values for dyphonate, from 68(2) to 5,128(3), indicate that dyphonate may have very high to no mobility in soil(SRC). The adsorption of dyphonate increases with decreasing temperature and increase in organic content, particularly humic acid and associated cation content(4). Volatilization of dyphonate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 3.38X10-4 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 15.7 mg/l(6). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Dyphonate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon it's vapor pressure(5). Estimated soil half-lives of 120 and 150 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively(7), indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Depending on the nature of soil and climatic conditions, the field half-life of dyphonate in soil ranged from 18-82 days(1-3); an average half-life of 40 days has been suggested(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), the wide range of Koc values for dyphonate, from 68(2) to 5,128(3), indicate that dyphonate may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.38X10-4 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 15.7 mg/l(6). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8 and 66 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces may be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 2.3 yrs if adsorption is considered(7). According to a classification scheme(8), a BCF of 300(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, aquatic organisms readily metabolize this class of compounds(9) and organophosphates can be altered chemically(10) once released into the environment. Dyphonate is stable to hydrolysis, with half-lives of 110-435 days being reported(5,11). Estimated soil half-lives of 120 and 150 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively(11), suggest that biodegradation may occur in the aquatic environment(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dyphonate, which has a vapor pressure of 3.38X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dyphonate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.5 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase dyphonate may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). When dyphonate deposited on silica gel chromatoplates was exposed to sunlight, some photodegradation of dyphonate was observed(4).

At a detection limit of 0.1 mg/kg, dyphonate has been detected at low frequency both in raw agricultural commodities and in adult total diet samples(1-4). Dyphonate was detected not quantified in domestic and imported food samples analyzed in fiscal year 1994(5). The compound was detected in 2 of 416 carrot samples at 2.0 and >2.0 ppm, respectively; 1 of 137 onion samples at 0.10 ppm; 1 of 769 potato samples at <0.05 ppm, analyzed as part of a Canadian fruit and vegetable commodity survey of 21,982 samples conducted over a 27-month period from 1/1/92 to 3/31/94(6).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin, through the eyes and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

The estimated total dietary intake of dyphonate in three groups of US population in 1989 were as follows: 6-11 months, less than 0.0001 ug/kg body wt/day; 14-16 yr old male: 0.0001 ug/kg body wt/day; 60-65 yr old female, less than 0.0001 ug/kg body wt/day(2). The corresponding values for 1990 were as follows: 6-11 months, 0.0001 ug/kg body wt/day; 14-16 yr old male: 0.0001 ug/kg body wt/day; 60-65 yr old female, less than 0.0001 ug/kg body wt/day(1,3).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In the first experiment, pigeons acclimatized to feed on untreated wheat seeds for 6 hr/day were presented with fonofos-treated seeds for 6 hr on a testing day, following normal food surplus in one experimental group (eight birds) and 6 days of deprivation in another (eight birds). In the second experiment, different pigeons were acclimatized to a feeding regime of 2 hr/day and treated seeds were offered without previous restriction (eight birds) or after 6 days of food restriction in which birds were given 15% of normal intake (eight birds). In the second experiment, six birds in each experimental group were videotaped to study their feeding behavior. Survivors at the end of the testing day were killed, and all birds were dissected and analyzed to determine carcass and pectoral muscle composition. Food-stressed birds lost approximately 11% of their initial body weight during 6 days of total or partial food restriction, but they still had visible fat deposits and a high body fat content, indicating that they were in good body condition in terms of energy reserves. Consumption of treated seeds on the testing day was reduced in comparison with normal intake of untreated seed in all birds, but there were differences between experimental groups. In ad libitum-fed birds, consumption of treated seed in each experiment averaged 12% and 19% of normal levels, exposure to fonofos was below lethal levels, and no bird died. In food-stressed birds, consumption was higher (34% or 56% of normal levels for the first and second experiments, respectively) and led to the ingestion of seed containing lethal doses of pesticide. Two birds in the first experiment and three in the second died of acute poisoning within around 2 hr of initial exposure. The avoidance response developed quickly in both ad libitum-fed and food-stressed birds. Feeding took place in most birds almost exclusively in the first 9 mm of the testing day. Within this interval, birds of the two experimental groups stopped ingesting treated seeds around 6 mm after the onset of feeding. The differences between experimental groups in consumption of treated seed were due to the higher feeding rate and effective feeding time in food-stressed birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In acute oral toxicity of mallards, the signs of intoxication /are/: hyperexcitability, wide stance, reluctance to leave the swimming pond, ataxia, goose-stepping ataxia, falling, sitting, tremors, spasms, using wings to aid pedestrian locomotion, wing-drop, immobility, and terminal wing beat convulsions. Signs appeared as soon as 25 min and mortalities usually occurred between 1 and 3 hr after treatment. Remission took up to 4 days.

/FIELD STUDIES/ Fonofos is very highly toxic to most birds and freshwater and salt water organisms. Simulated avian field studies indicate granular treatments of fonofos may result in some mortality, as well as brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition in birds.

/FIELD STUDIES/ Nine control fields and 11 treated fields, six of which were treated with Fonofos (Dyfonate 20G) and five treated with Terbufos (Counter 15G), were chosen. A colour-banded population of 228 Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) was established and numbers monitored before and after application of the insecticides. Activity watches showed that territorial individuals spent at least some of their time foraging on the cornfields. There was no evidence that the insecticides affected the survivorship of either male or female Song Sparrows in the test population.

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Weakness. Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), chest tightness; blurred vision, miosis; cardiac irreg; muscle fasciculation; dyspnea (breathing difficulty)

Classified for restricted use and limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Emulsifiable concentrates 44% and greater; Use Pattern: All uses; Classification: Restricted; Criteria Influencing Restriction: Acute dermal toxicity.

Classified for restricted use and limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Emulsifiable concentrates 12.6% and less with pebulate 50.3% and less; Use Pattern: Tobacco; Classification: Unclassified.

Time limited tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide O-ethyl S-phenylethylphosphonodithiote, including its oxygen analog (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothiolate, in or on the following food commodities: asparagus (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02); banana (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; beet, sugar, tops (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, field, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, field, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, field, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn sweet kernel plus cob with husks removed (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, pop, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, pop, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, sweet, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; corn, sweet, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; peanut (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; peanut, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; pea, field, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; pea, field, vines (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; peppermint, tops (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; plantain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sorghum, grain, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sorghum, grain, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sorghum, grain, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; soybean, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; spearmint, tops (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; strawberry (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; sugarcane, cane (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; vegetable, leafy (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; vegetable, fruiting, group 8 (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; vegetable, root crop (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02; and vegetable, seed and pod (Expiration/Revocation Date 12/31/02).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Fonofos is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0105; Pesticide type: insecticide; Registration Standard Date: 03/01/84; Case status: None of the active ingredients in the case are being supported for reregistration by their registrants. All are unsupported, or some are unsupported and some are cancelled. Cases described as "unsupported" generally are being processed for cancellation.; Active ingredient (AI): Fonofos; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 11/18/91, 10/13/95; AI Status: Registrants of the pesticide have not made or honored a commitment to seek reregistration, conduct the necessary studies, or pay the requisite fees, or they have asked EPA to cancel their product registrations. Unless some other interested party supports them, products containing the pesticide will be cancelled.

All remaining fonofos products were canceled effective November 2, 1998; Registrants' sale and distribution of existing stocks was permitted until November 2, 1999; Existing stocks already in the hands of dealers and users can be distributed, sold, and used until these stocks are exhausted.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Fonofos is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.

(FL) FLORIDA 14 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 14 ug/l

Organophosphates poison insects and mammals primarily by phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at nerve endings. ... At sufficient dosage, loss of enzyme function allows accumulation of acetylcholine (the impulse- transmitter substance) at cholinergic neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects, and at skeletal myoneural junctions and in autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects). Organophosphates also impair nerve impulse transmission in the brain ... . /Organophosphate pesticides/

Metabolism of dyfonate in rats was studied .../with (35)S label/. ...Diethyl phosphate and thiophosphate, methylphenylthioether, and thiolate analog of dyfonate were observed.

Dyfonate in oil was admin orally to albino rats. Rapid metabolism ...produced ...dyfonate oxon, o-ethyl o-methyl ethylphosphonate, methylphenyl sulfoxide and sulfone, o-ethyl ethylphosphonothioic acid, o-ethyl ethylphosphonic acid and 3-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxy-phenyl sulfones /and/ other unidentified materials... .

When phenyl (35)S fonofos was administered to mice, the (S)p isomer was eliminated, primarily in urine, more rapidly than the (R)p isomer. In addition to unchanged fonofos, other identified (35)Slabeled metabolites included: fonofos oxon, diphenyl disulfide, diphenyl disulfide oxide, methyl phenyl sulfoxide and sulfone, and 3-OH- and 4-OH-phenyl methyl sulfones. When phenyl (35)S-fonofos oxon was used, (35)S-labeled metabolites included methyl phenyl sulfoxide, methyl phenyl sulfone, and 3-OH- and 4-OH-phenyl methyl sulfones.

Dyfonate was incubated with microsomes ...from rat livers. ...The oxon, eop /o-ethyl ethylphosphonic acid/, etp /o-ethyl ethylphosphonothioic acid/ and thiophenol /were identified/ as major microsome metabolites. Formation of etp and the oxon required presence of nadph2.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for FONOFOS (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

When (14)C ethoxy labeled dyfonate was administered /to rats/, 95% of label was found in urine; 5% in feces; and ...0.5% in exhaled air. With (35)S label, 63% of dose was recovered in urine; 32% in feces; 2% in tissues; and 0.1% in exhaled air.

/After oral admin in oil to rats/ ...polar products ...excreted in urine and feces.

After a single oral or ip dose of fonofos labeled in the ring position, 98% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and feces within 96 hours. Conditioning with unlabeled fonofos did not change the excretion pattern. Excretion of radioactivity from the (14)C-ethoxy moiety was essentially complete in 4 days, with about 91% in the urine, 7.4% in the feces, and 0.35% in the expired air. Radioactivity in the bile was an important source of activity in the feces. Tissue residues were very small and had virtually disappeared by the 16th day.

Rapidly absorbed through the skin.

When plants were grown in nitrogen deficient nutrient solution, concentration of dyfoxon /metabolite/ in greens were reduced due to deficiencies of all elements (potassium, calcium, and magnesium) except nitrogen.

Used primarily on corn, and also on sugar cane, peanuts, tobacco, turf, and vegetables; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For fonofos (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 041701) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Classified for restricted use and limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Emulsifiable concentrates 44% and greater; Use Pattern: All uses; Classification: Restricted; Criteria Influencing Restriction: Acute dermal toxicity.

DYFONATE IS SOIL INSECTICIDE USEFUL IN CONTROLLING SOIL INSECTS SUCH AS CORN ROOTWORMS (DIABROTICA SPECIES), WIREWORMS (ELATERIDAE), GARDEN SYMPHYLAN (SCUTIGERELLA IMMACULATA), ROOT MAGGOTS (HYLEMYA SPECIES), CRICKETS (GRYLLIDAE) & OTHERS.

Control of soil insects (especially mole crickets, corn rootworms, symphylids, wireworms, vine weevil larvae, cockchafer larvae, cabbage root fly, onion fly, carrot fly, wheat bulb fly, etc.) in cereals, maize, sorghum, vegetables, ornamentals, fruit (including citrus and bananas), vines, olives, potatoes, sugar beet, sugar cane, groundnuts, tobacco, and turf.

GRANULES; EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE

Dyfonate 4EC (emulsifiable concentrate 480 g ai/l); Dyfonate 2G, Dyfonate 10G, Dyfonate 15G, Dyfonate 20G, granules (20, 200, 150 or 200 g/kg). Mixtures include: Doubledown, granules (fonofos + disulfoton); Dyfonate Tillam 1-4E, emulsifiable concentrate (120 g fonofos + 480 g pebulate/l); Dyfonate thiram 5-10G, granules (50 g fonofos + 100 g thiram/kg).

Doubledown

Difonate, Dyfonate 2G, and Stauffer N 2790 are trade names.

Tradenames 'Capfos' * (Zeneca); 'Cudgel' * (Zeneca); 'Dyfonate' * (Zeneca) Mixtures 'Edge' * (+ pebulate) (Zeneca) .

Pharmaceuticals

INSECTICIDES

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Fonofos (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.

The chiral forms have been isolated. ...Optical rotations of the chiral forms are reversed on solution in carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, methanol. ...The (R)-isomer is more toxic to insects and mice and a more potent inhibitor of cholinesterase than the (S)-isomer.

GENERALLY ... SAFE TO PLANTS EXCEPT WHEN PLACED DIRECTLY IN CONTACT WITH THE SEEDS OF SMALL SEEDED CROPS. DIRECT EXPOSURE TO WILDLIFE SHOULD BE AVOIDED.

A combined granule with disulfoton is used in Brassicas to extend the activity to control aphids ... .

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for FONOFOS (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.