암모늄 비카보네이트

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide; water spray; or alcohol foam extinguishers. Poisonous gases are produced in fire, including ammonia gas and nitrogen oxides. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Store below 33 °C

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from caustics (such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), because ammonia gas is released.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with dilute acid.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Spill handling: evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

May be buried in a chemical waste landfill. If neutralized ammonium bicarbonate is amendable to treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant.

Personal protection: filter respirator for ammonia and organic ammonia derivatives in conjunction with particulate filter adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Enclose operations and use local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release.

Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for AMMONIUM BICARBONATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout, weight 1.8 g, length 5.8 cm); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 13.6 °C (13.2-13.8 °C), pH 8.12 (7.92-8.24), hardness 184 mg/L CaCO3 (178-190 mg/L CaCO3), alkalinity 172 mg/L CaCO3 (159-262 mg/L CaCO3), dissolved oxygen 9.0 mg/L (8.4-9.5 mg/L); Concentration: 17300 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 16100-18700 ug/L) /technical/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout, weight 1.8 g, length 5.8 cm); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 13.9 °C (13.4-14.4 °C), pH 8.10 (7.94-8.27), hardness 184 mg/L CaCO3 (178-190 mg/L CaCO3), alkalinity 172 mg/L CaCO3 (159-262 mg/L CaCO3), dissolved oxygen 9.0 mg/L (8.4-9.5 mg/L); Concentration: 18100 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 16800-19600 ug/L) /technical/

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the following 6 carbonate salts are safe in the present practices of use and concentration, as described in this safety assessment, when formulated to be non-irritating...Ammonium Bicarbonate...

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Seventy one toxicity tests were carried out on rainbow trout ranging in size from sac fry (<0.1g) to 4 year old adults (2.6 kg), in water of uniform chemical composition. Fish susceptibility to NH3 decreased with increasing weight over the range 0.06-2.0 g, but gradually increased above that weight range. LC50 values for 12- and 35-day exposures did not differ greatly from 96-hour values of 0.16-1.1 mg/L. No statisticaly significant differences in results were observed when different ammonium salts (NH4Cl, NH4HCO3, (NH4)2HPO4, (NH4)2SO4) were used.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute ammonia toxicity in rainbow trout was studied by intraarterial injection of ammonium chloride & ammonium bicarbonate. Ammonium bicarbonate incr arterial blood pH, & ammonium chloride decr arterial blood pH, but the same dose of each was required to kill.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of /ammonium bicarbonate/ on the early stages of development of Atlantic salmon were studied. The first set of studies, at 13 °C, lasted 53 days and was carried out within the range 0.001 to >6.6 mg NH3/L beginning with the "formed embryo" stage. Accelerated hatching was observed with increasing ammonium carbonate concentrations, but concentrations >0.16 mg NH3/L were lethal for emerging larvae within 12-36 hours. Growth inhibition was observed at 0.07 mg NH3/L. Tissue changes were observed in eyes, brain, fins, and blood of embryos and larvae exposed to concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 6.6 mg NH3/L with more marked changes at higher ammonia concentrations. Reaction to light and mechanical stimulation gradually disappeared with increased ammonia concentration, and the heart rate slowed. Morphological differences in development between experimental and control larvae were observed since 10th day of exposure. At concentrations up to 0.07 mg NH3/L, no significant morphological differences were observed.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The effect of endogenous ammonia produced in dead fish or ammonia in ammonium bicarbonate solutions was evaluated on the viability of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae. Viability was determined by worm recovery in rats infected with metacercariae exposed to ammonia in decaying fish or in vitro solutions. The recovery rates were 58%, 48%, 44% and 2% in fish that had been allowed to decay for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days at 4 degrees C, respectively, and this rate ( Y) was inversely correlated with the ammonia concentration ( X) in fish muscle extract ( Y=80.62-0.0667 X, r(2)=0.905, P=0.049). C. sinensis metacercariae barely survived in ammonia solutions with concentrations exceeding 1 g N/L.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Large doses of ammonium bicarbonate can produce nausea and vomiting.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Worker exposure. Ingestion may cause adverse effects. Inhalation of dust may cause irritation of respiratory tract. Eye and skin contact may cause irritation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The biochemical aspects of ammonia intoxication have been studied by intraperitoneal injection to rats of 12 ammonium salts including ammonium bicarbonate. The dose of 10.6 mmole NH4-N per kg was lethal for all salts tested. The various times for the manifestation of the comatose state were related to the speed with which ammonia crossed the blood-brain barrier.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Physiological effects in dogs and sheep. Electrocardiograms recorded during the toxic syndrome indicated that dogs and sheep died of ventricular fibrillation due to a direct effect of ammonia on the heart.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Toxicity to the epithelium of the cornea has been demonstrated for several types of ammonium salts in neutral solution under the unusual condition of continuous exposure for several hours. Although neutral solutions of ammonium salts generally have such low toxicity to the cornea that they produce no damage during exposures of several minutes, it has been shown that solutions containing 0.1 M ammonium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate, or ammonium lactate at pH 7 to 7.5 made up of 0.46 osmolar (1.5 times isotonic concentration) by addition of sodium chloride or sucrose and dripped continuously on the eyes of rabbits cause edema of the epithelium of the cornea within 3 to 3.5 hours. ...

/GENOTOXICITY/ Ames test, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA92, TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA94, TA98. 25 mg/plate. Negative

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for AMMONIUM BICARBONATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of ammonium bicarbonate is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 38,228 workers (22,886 of these were female) were potentially exposed to ammonium bicarbonate in the US(1).

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ammonia and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for signs of pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mg/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize. /Ammonia and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ammonium and related compounds/

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Ammonium bicarbonate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Residues of ammonium bicarbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: surfactant, suspending agent, dispersing agent. Limit: none.

An exemption from the requirement of tolerance is established for residues of ammonium bicarbonate used in or on all food commodities when used in accordance with good agricultural practices.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Ammonium bicarbonate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.