산화칼슘(생석회)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Calcium oxide:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. DO NOT use carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Do not use water on material itself. Keep run-off out of sewers and water sources. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Inhalation: Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep tightly closed and dry.

Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components ... should be stored in a cool well ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected. Incompatible materials should be isolated ...

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

Separate from strong acids, organic chemicals, water and food and feedstuffs. Dry.

1) Ventilate area of spill. 2) Collect spilled material in most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in secured sanitary landfill.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Shovel into suitable dry container. Use water spray to control dust, protect personnel.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered dry containers.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

... May be disposed of in sealed containers in secured sanitary landfill.

Betel quid chewing is a general oral habit in Taiwan, India, southeastern Asian and South Africa with or without the additive of tobacco, alcohol or lime. In this study, the tumor-promoting neoplastic transformation effect of Lime-Piper betel quid (LPB) was examined on JB6 cells. The treatment of LPB at a high dose (1.0 mg/mL) for over 5 days or at lower doses (0.1, 0.5 mg/mL) for over 15 days induced the formation of transformed foci. The transformed cells showed the characteristics of colony formation in soft agar, higher growth rate and multilayer on culture dish. A two-fold induction of the protein levels of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes was observed in the cells from the 50th passage (Cl1/p50, Cl2/p50 and Cl3/p50), suggesting that LPB-transformed cells were oncogenic. In addition, the LPB-transformed cells possessed an elevated level of c-Myc and an increased cell population distributed in the S phase of the cell cycle. These results demonstrated the promotion effect of LPB and indicate that it could be a tumor promoter. Lime-piper betel quid/

Static bioassays of 96 hr duration were conducted in the laboratory using fry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), adult tubificid worm (Branchiura sowerbyi) and adult copepod plankton (Cyclops viridis) to determine LC50 values of Cu and CaO to these organisms and effects of interaction between Cu and CaO. Ninety-six hour LC(50) values of Cu to fry of common carp, worm and copepod were found to be 1.40 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L respectively. CaO up to 500 mg/L did not produce any mortality of the fry of common carp up to 96 hr. But 96 hr LC50 values of CaO to worm and copepod were 83.00 mg/L and 27.80 mg/L respectively. When common carp fry, worm and the copepod were exposed to respective LC50 dose of Cu in presence of varying concentration of CaO, mortality of the organisms significantly reduced and was found inversely correlated with the doses of CaO [y = 48.36-0.807x, r = -0.99 (n = 7) for fish; y = 44.46-0.146x, r = -0.97 (n = 7) for worm; y = 49.46-0.66x, r = -0.99 (n = 7) for the copepod]. The present results indicate that CaO is non-toxic to fish and is capable of reducing the toxicity of Cu to fish while CaO and Cu are antagonistic to each other for the worm and the copepod. Potential of using CaO as antitoxic agent for Cu in water is discussed.

96-hr LC50 values of cadmium (Cd) to fish Labeo rohita and the copepod Diaptomus forbesi, determined by static bioassays, were, respectively, 89.5 and 10.2 mg/L. LC50 values increased significantly when fish pre-exposed to 100-350 mg/L CaO or 0.5-1.5 mg/L KMnO4 for 4 d and the copepod to 20-70 mg/L CaO or 0.25-1.0 mg/L KMnO4 for same period. The LC50 values also increased when the pre-exposure period of CaO was increased to 12 d at concentration 100 mg/L for fish and 20 mg/L for copepod. All fish died when pre-exposed to 1.5 mg/L KMnO4 for 8 d. But LC50 values of Cd to copepod increased when pre-exposure period of 0.5 mg/L KMnO4 was increased from 4 to 8 d.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In aqueous suspension the substance (Calcium oxide) react basic and have a toxic effect on fish.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The Puchuncavi Valley in central Chile has been exposed to atmospheric depositions from a copper smelter. Nowadays, soils in the surrounding area are acidic and contaminated with Cu and As. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lime and compost for in situ immobilization of trace elements in the soils of the Puchuncavi Valley by using earthworms as bioindicators of toxicity. The lime and compost treatments significantly increased soil pH and decreased the soluble and exchangeable Zn, exchangeable Cu, and free Cu(2+) activity. However, the compost treatment increased soluble Cu, and soluble and exchangeable As. Lime application had no effect on earthworm reproduction in comparison with the unamended control, whereas the application of compost increased cocoon and juvenile production. There was a spatial variability of soil properties within treatments in the field plots. This allowed the identification of which soil properties were actually having an impact on earthworm reproduction. For both cocoon and juvenile production, soil organic matter (SOM) was a positive factor, i.e., more SOM increased cocoon or juvenile production. The toxicity (negative) factor was total soil As. However, total Cu and total As were well correlated (R(2)=0.80, p<0.001), hence some of the trends could have been masked. In summary, compost treatment was effective in improving the quality of soils of Puchuncav Valley, increasing earthworm reproduction. Future Chilean legislation on maximum permissible concentrations of trace elements in soils should consider SOM content due to its effect on trace element solubility and bioavailability.

Burning sensation. Cough. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Dry skin. Redness. Skin burns. Burning sensation. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

irritation eyes, skin, upper resp tract; ulcer, perforation nasal septum; pneumonitis; dermatitis

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Industrial experience has shown calcium oxide to be very irritating to mucous membranes and moist skin as a result of local liberation of heat and dehydration of tissues upon slaking of the small size particles and the resulting alkalinity of the slaked product. Inflammation of respiratory passages and ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum have been attributed to inhalation of lime dust. Major complaints of workers exposed to lime consist of eye and skin irritation.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Calcium oxide dust irritates the eyes and upper respiratory tract primarily because of its alkalinity. Inflammation of the respiratory passages, ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, and pneumonia have been attributed to inhalation of calcium oxide dust.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Strong nasal irritation occurred as a consequence of exposure to a mixture of dusts containing calcium oxide in the range of 25 mg/cu m ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM OXIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Components of betel quid (BQ) have been investigated for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and animal toxicity. However, little information exists regarding their carcinogenic characteristics. Considerable attention has already been focused on tumor promoters that occur environmentally for human uptake. In this study, the promoting effects of BQ and lime-piper additives (LPA) in BQ on epidermal hyperplasia in CD-1 mouse skin are investigated. In the present study, we found that BQ and LPA at concentrations of 25, 50,75 mg/mL caused significant induction of hyperplasia, but only LPA caused an increase of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Treatment of mouse skin with LPA caused remarkable increases in the production of H(2)O(2) by 2.41-, 3.90-, and 3.76-fold (for the above-indicated concentrations respectively); as well as marked increases of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by 1.43-, 2.70-, and 2.29-fold. Application of LPA or BQ (50,100,150 mg/mL) also caused induction of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) and NF-kappaB. LPA exhibited more significant effect than BQ. Thus, LPA might make a major contribution to the BQ-induced expression of PKC and NF-kappaB. These results indicated that BQ has the potential of being promoting agents, and that LPA should play a major role in increasing the effects of BQ-caused skin hyperplasia and inflammation. The promoting effects of BQ and LPA on mouse skin were associated with the induction of the expressions of PKC and NF-kappaB.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of calcium oxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 726,694 workers (71,652 of these were female) were potentially exposed to calcium oxide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to calcium oxide may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where calcium oxide is produced or used(SRC).

During lime production, workers may be exposed to atmospheric dust, /&/ the prodn of hazardous gases ... Dust is hazard in ... manual crushing, screening, drying, packaging & loading of lime itself, to builders, plasterers, agricultural workers ... using pure lime & in use & handling of materials of which lime is a component such as basic slag, cement or calcium cyanamide.

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 6 to 12 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize. Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first signs of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic Bases/Alkaline Corrosives and Related Compounds/

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Calcium oxide used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Residues of calcium oxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: solid diluent, carrier.