Chromium trihydroxide

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Respiratory protection from chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts while fighting fires: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

The effects of sulfate, carbonate, silicate, phosphate, diphosphate, nitrate, iron(3+), nickel(2+), zinc(2+), copper(2+), & cadmium(2+) on the precipitation of chromium trihydroxide by neutralization was studied. In the absence of impurity ions the chromium trihydroxide coagulated readily at ph 7.5-10.5. Outside of the ph range stable colloids were formed. All the anions formed water-sol complexes with the chromium(3+) & made it more difficult to remove chromium trihydroxide by neutralization. At pH 10.5 the colloidal chromium trihydroxide was coagulated by 1 mg bivalent ion/L & 5 mg iron(3+)/L.

If chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Remove all ignition sources where metallic chromium has been spilled. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3) Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Wastewater treatment sludge from the production of chrome green pigments is a poor candidate for incineration. /Chrome green pigments/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMIUM TRIHYDROXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. ... In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training /sessions/, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation /of the equipment/. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Control methods which may be effective include local exhaust ventilation, general dilution ventilation, & personal protective equipment. /Chromium metal and insol chromium salts/

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHROMIUM TRIHYDROXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.003 [mg/m3], as Cr(III), inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

(as Cr(III), inhalable fraction): 0.003 mg/m

There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic. It may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium, a known carcinogen. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. (A12)

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic. It may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium, a known carcinogen. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. (A12)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromium trihydroxide (chromic acid) is a green, gelatinous precipitate. It is used as pigment, e.g. Guignet's green; in tanning industry; as a mordant, and as catalyst for organic reactions. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Fatal case was described involving 35-year-old woman who developed severe acidosis, massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, acute renal failure, and hepatic injury following ingestion of chromic acid (50 mL) and died 12 hours after ingestion. Postmortem liver biopsy revealed a fatty degeneration with chromium concentration 3.6 umol/g. The kidney, with chromium concentration 2.6 umol/g, had extensive necrosis and ischemic lesions. Changes in renal function among ferrochromium workers in a ferroalloy facility in China were investigated (exposed to chromium compounds such a sodium-chromate and chromium-hydroxide). The results of this study suggest that long-term exposure to chromium produces chronic renal injury, mainly involving the proximal tubule. A urinary chromium concentration of greater than 15 ug/g of creatinine can be proposed as a threshold dosage for nephrotoxicity, and gamma-glutamyl-transferase, NAG and alkaline-phosphatase are all early sensitive indicators of renal injury. ANIMAL STUDIES: There is no data available.

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Redness. Pain.

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic, but it may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic, but it may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

/CASE REPORTS/ An illustrative case is presented of a patient with a blood stained discharge from his nose, an ulcerating lesion on his nasal septum, who came to an eye, nose and throat clinic. An occupational history of the patient indicated a six-week work spell in a dusty factory where he works with 'sulfur' with or without a mask. On the basis of the results of biopsy and other tests, radiotherapy was started, but later discontinued in order to study the patient's working conditions. The source of the sulfur was the hexavalent sodium-bichromate in the mix used for manufacturing chrome pigments, chrome-oxide and chrome-hydroxide, which are green pigments in paint. The case illustrates the need for accurate checking of occupational history with, if necessary, the consulting physician getting first-hand information from the factory medical adviser, and the importance of the worker being informed of the right names of the substances with which he works.

/CASE REPORTS/ We report a 35-year-old woman who developed severe acidosis, massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, acute renal failure, and hepatic injury following ingestion of chromic acid (50 mL) and died 12 hours after ingestion. Postmortem liver biopsy revealed a fatty degeneration with chromium concentration 3.6 umol/g. The kidney, with chromium concentration 2.6 umol/g, had extensive necrosis and ischemic lesions. Erythrocyte chromium was 1903 umol at 3 hours declining to 865 mumol/L...

/SURVEILLANCE/ Changes in renal function among ferrochromium workers in a ferroalloy facility in China were investigated. The study was conducted on 84 men and 38 women workers exposed to ...chromium compounds such a sodium-chromate and chromium-hydroxide in the ferrochromium producing workplace of a ferroalloy facility. The mean duration of employment was 12.0 years for men and 11.5 years for women. Of the 122 ferrochromium producing workers, 31 had skin ulcers and ulcer scars, 56 had irritations and mucosal ulcers, and 13 had nasal septum perforations. No noteworthy abnormal changes were found in the chest X-rays, liver function tests and electrocardiogram. Urine chromium levels were found to be elevated in the exposed group, about 1.8 times those in the control group. In workers with urine chromium levels exceeding 45 micrograms/gram creatinine, urine levels of gamma-glutamyl-transferase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alkaline-phosphatase, glutamic-oxalacetic-transaminase (GOT), and lactate-dehydrogenase were significantly increased. For workers with more than 10 years of exposure, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, NAG, and GOT were elevated. However, in the chromium exposed workers, with the exception for the values of NAG, no significant differences were noted between two different employment time subgroups. The authors suggest that long term exposure to chromium produces chronic renal injury, mainly involving the proximal tubule. A urinary chromium concentration of greater than 15 micrograms/gram of creatinine can be proposed as a threshold dosage for nephrotoxicity, and gamma-glutamyl-transferase, NAG and alkaline-phosphatase are all early sensitive indicators of renal injury.

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

BCF values of soluble chromium(III) for bottom-feeding bivalves (oyster (Crassostrea virginica), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and soft shell clam (Mya arenaria)) range from 86 to 192(1). However, chromium trihydroxide is relatively insoluble between pH 6.8 and 11 (0.005 mg/L)(1).

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight of evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for risk assessment (1986), trivalent chromium is most appropriately designated a Group D -- Not classified as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium ... However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to trivalent chromium and other chromium compounds by inhalation has been studied in the chromate manufacturing and ferrochromium industries; however, exposures all include mixed exposures to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) species is the likely etiological agent in reports of excess cancer risk in chromium workers. Data addressing exposures to Cr(III) alone are not available and data are inadequate for an evaluation of human carcinogenic potential. ... ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: The data from oral and inhalation exposures of animals to trivalent chromium do not support documentation of the carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium. IARC concluded that animal data are inadequate for the evaluation of the carcinogenicity of Cr(III) compounds. Furthermore, although there is sufficient evidence of respiratory carcinogenicity associated with exposure to chromium, the relative contribution of Cr(III), Cr(VI), metallic chromium, or soluble versus insoluble chromium to carcinogenicity cannot be elucidated... /Chromium (III), insoluble salts/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds/

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium and of chromium(III) compounds. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium, barium chromate and chromium(III) compounds. Overall evaluation: Metallic chromium and chromium(III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Metallic chromium and chromium(III) compounds/

Chromium trihydroxide is subject to hydrolysis, precipitation and complexation reactions including dissociation of several Cr(III) species depending on pH(1). Between pH 6.8 and 11.5, chromium trihydroxide is insoluble and therefore no hydrolysis takes place(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 2 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of chromium trihydroxide (1308-14-1) may be 50-99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 109 workers (0 of these are female) were potentially exposed to chromium trihydroxide in the US(1).

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/