Vanadium oxide (V2O5)

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Vanadium Pentoxide Exposure: Acute exposure to vanadium pentoxide may result in pulmonary irritation, bronchospasm, hemoptysis (coughing up of blood), pulmonary edema, emphysema, and pneumonia. Gastrointestinal effects may include nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, anorexia, and black stools. Headache, dry mouth, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and tremor may be found. Vanadium pentoxide is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contact may result in a green staining of the tongue and skin. Blindness and epistaxis (bloody nose) are further complications.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Extinguish fire using an agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Vanadium pentoxide must be stored to avoid contact with chlorine trifluoride, lithium, and peroxyformic acid, since violent reactions can occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Containers of vanadium shall be kept tightly closed at all times when not in use. Containers shall be stored in a safe manner to minimize accidental breakage, spillage, or contact with moisture. Combustible materials, such as finely ground vanadium carbide, vanadium aluminum alloys, vanadium metal, or ferrovanadium should be kept away from heat, sparks, or flames. /Vanadium compounds/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment, and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Do not touch spilled materials; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled /dust/ material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill.

If potentially hazardous amounts of vanadium pentoxide fume are inadvertently released, ventilate the area of the release to disperse the fume.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P120, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Waste material contaminated with vanadium shall be disposed of in a manner not hazardous to employees. The disposal method must conform with applicable local, state, and federal regulations and must not constitute a hazard to the surrounding population or environment. /Vanadium/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vanadium: Concentration process: chemical precipitation. /Vanadium/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Chimney sweeps who inhaled 0.7 to 14 mg vanadium pentoxide per day in soot from the cleaning operation had a urine concentrations which fluctuated between 0.15 and 13 ug/L vanadium(1). Average vanadium concentrations in blood of occupationally-exposed workers producing vanadium pentoxide were, ug/L (working activity): 6.9 (crushing vanadium slag), 3.1 (milling vanadium slag), 4.1 (crushing vanadium slag), 9.8 (rotary calcinator), 13.4 (driving forklift/Liftruck), 5.9 (mixing vanadium leachate), 19.2 (percolation), 19.1 (milling vanadium slag), and 217.0 (smelting vanadium slag)(2).

A report... on 30 vanadium workers in a metallurgical plant described particularly severe signs and symptoms. ...Workers... had been exposed for a long time (up to 22 years in 27 subjects, mostly in ferrovanadium and vanadium pentoxide smelting operations)... . The average value of vanadium in urine among permanent employees was 45 ug/L... . /Ferrovanadium/

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

The high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) (FcEpsilonRI)-mediated activation of mast cells plays an important role in various allergic diseases. To assess the anti-allergic activity of natural vanadium-containing Jeju groundwater (JW), an in vivo passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) animal model and in vitro mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) was used. JW inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) generation in a dose-dependent manner, with a concomitant reduction of COX-2 protein expression in IgE-induced BMMCs. In addition, JW inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-dependent generation of leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) as well as degranulation in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that JW has dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activity. In addition, vanadium pentoxide (V(2)O(5)), which is the major vanadium component of JW, also inhibited PGD(2) and LTC(4) generation as well as degranulation in IgE-induced BMMCs. Furthermore, oral administration of JW dose-dependently inhibited mast cell-dependent passive anaphylactic reaction in IgE-sensitized mice. Taken together, these results suggest that JW may be useful in regulating mast cell-mediated allergic response through the suppression of eicosanoid generation and degranulation in mast cells.

Intratracheal admin of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (0.2 LD50) or dust (1/16 LD50) suspended in physiological soln (12 times in 2 wk intervals) in rats inhibited the respiratory chain of liver mitochondria. Vitamin A alleviated part of this phenomenon, whereas vitamin C had only an insignificant beneficial effect on the respiration rate.

Dermal

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/; Concentration: 2.387 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Daphnia similis (Water Flea) age 6-24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 1400 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /98% purity/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish) length 3-5 cm, weight 0.3-2.9 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22.5 °C, pH 6.0-6.5, hardness 35 mg/L as CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 4 mg/L; Concentration: 4520 ug/L for 6 days (95% confidence interval: 2880-7286 ug/L) /total vanadium ion/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish) eggs; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 22 °C, pH 7.4, hardness 195 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 4600 ug/L for 7 days (95% confidence interval: 510-9100 ug/L) /total vanadium ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Vanadium-containing particulates emitted to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources are frequently simple oxides. Generally, lower oxides formed during combustion of coal and residual fuel oils, such as vanadium trioxide, undergo further oxidation to the pentoxide form, often before leaving the stacks. The average residence time for vanadium in the atmosphere is unknown as the particle size varies considerably. An estimated residence time of about 1 day has been proposed for the settling of fly ash vanadium pentoxide when associated with hydrogen sulfate. Smaller particles, such as those emitted from oil-fired power plants, have a longer residence time in the atmosphere and are more likely to be transported farther away from the source. Vanadium transported within the atmosphere is eventually transferred to soil and water on the earth's surface by wet and dry deposition(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L837) ; inhalation (L837) ; dermal (L837)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Vanadium pentoxide is yellow to red crystalline powder forming finely divided particulate dispersed in air. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst as well as in the production of superconductive magnets. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a catalyst in dye mordants, paint and varnish drying, glass and ink manufacture, pesticides, and photographic chemicals. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It is a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. The main signs and symptoms of intoxication caused by single iv doses of the order of 100 mg vanadium pentoxide included nausea, vomiting, salivation, and lacrimation, disappearance of pulse, and cylindrical casts and albumin in the urine. Men exposed to vanadium pentoxide while cleaning oil-fired burners or gas-fired turbines had symptoms consisting of cough, wheezing, rhinitis, sneezing, nosebleeds, sore throat, fatigue, nervousness, eye irritation, hoarseness, and chest pain. Workers exposed to vanadium pentoxide for only a few days may develop irritation of the conjunctivae, rhinitis, dryness of the throat, hoarseness, bronchitis with coughing and wheezing, dyspnea, and pneumonitis. A green-black discoloration of the tongue sometimes occurs. Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide for 1-5 yr produced asthma in 3 of 20 workers. In human leukocytes V(2)O(5) causes oxidation of DNA bases, affects DNA repair, and induces formation of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds, suggesting that the workers are at increased risk for cancer and other diseases that are related to DNA instability. It is also induced single-strand DNA breaks in human lymphocytes. Vanadium workers are more susceptible to colds and other respiratory illnesses than others. Exposure to vanadium may impair the lung resistance to respiratory infection. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rabbits were exposed to vanadium pentoxide dust at concentrations of 77, 109, 205, and 525 mg/cu m for 7, 4, 4, and 1 hours, respectively. On autopsy, the animals exhibited chronic inflammatory changes in the nasal and tracheal mucosa, slight emphysema of the lungs, bronchopneumonic patches, pyelonephritis, and hepatitis. In rats 1 hr exposures to vanadium pentoxide pulverized dust at 80 mg/cu m caused acute intoxication. Acute inhalation toxicity in rats was characterized by an irritation of the respiratory mucosa and nasal discharge that sometimes contained blood. Autopsy showed severe congestion and small hemorrhages in all internal organs, signs of increased intracranial pressure, and fatty degeneration of the liver. In the lungs, there was capillary congestion, edema, bronchitis, and focal interstitial pneumonia. Administration of 10 mg/kg bw to mice causes hindlimb paralysis, increased reflex excitability, and GI tract upsets. Gross pathology examination revealed congestion and capillary stasis in the visceral organs. Rats and mice were exposed via inhalation six hours/day, five days/week for three months at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg/cu m. In male mice vanadium accumulates in the testes starting with the initial inhalation (24 hr). In general, vanadium was capable of significantly decreasing the percentage of gamma-tubulin in all analyzed testicular cells (Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells) starting with the first week of treatment. There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of implantation sites, live fetuses, and fetal weight among the progeny of the exposed mice compared to controls. There was a statistically significant increase in resorptions and dead fetuses among the females mated with exposed males compared to those mated to controls. In other study, there was a statistically significant decrease in skeletal ossification among the fetuses of mice exposed on day eight. In addition, 6 of 106 exposed fetuses and one of the controls had broken spinal cords. Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide clearly increases the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms in male and female mice at all concentrations tested (1, 2, or 4 mg/cu m). V(2)O(5) exposure was a pulmonary carcinogen in male rats and male and female mice. Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test protocol conducted with multiple strains of S. typhimurium with and without metabolic activation enzymes and cofactors were negative. However, REC assay suggested that vanadium pentoxide caused DNA damage at 0.5 umol (91 ug/mL). The selective immunotoxic effects (depression of phagocytosis, splenotoxicity enlargement of spleen, elevation of peripheral blood leukocytes, and T-and B-cell activation) were observed in rats given vanadium pentoxide in drinking water for 6 months, and mice given vanadium pentoxide in water 5 days a week for 6 weeks. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The 96-hr LC50 of vanadium pentoxide to adult American flagfish (J. floridae) was 11.2 mg/L in very hard water. Larvae showed 28-day LC50 of 1.13 and 1.88 mg/L of vanadium with larger larvae being more resistant.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of Vanadium /as vanadium pentoxide/ (25-595 mg/L) ... on embryonic survival and hatching of eyed eggs of rainbow trout, S. gairdneri, were investigated. ... V induced premature hatching of eyed eggs at concentrations of 44-595 mg/L. ... Vanadium concentrations approximately 15 times higher were required to produce mortality in eyed eggs than in juveniles.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The 96-hr LC50 of Vanadium /as vanadium pentoxide/ to adult American flagfish (J. floridae) was 11.2 mg/L in very hard water. Larvae showed 28-day LC50 of 1.13 and 1.88 mg/L of vanadium with larger larvae being more resistant. These appeared to be thresholds of lethality. During continuous exposure for 96 days, larval growth and survival were the most sensitive indicators of vanadium toxicity and were marginally reduced at 0.17 mg/L. At 0.041 mg/L, there were no deleterious sublethal effects but there was definite stimulation of growth in females and of reproductive performance. The threshold for chronic toxicity was judged to be about 0.08 mg/L. The safe-to-lethal ratio was 0.007 and this could be used as an application factor for other species. There was no clear evidence that vanadium had any long-term cumulative toxicity.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Factors influencing toxicity include water hardness, and the LC50 values are higher in hard water. ... The influence of pH on the toxicity of vanadium pentoxide for rainbow trout fingerlings /was studied/. The 96-hr LC50 ranged from 6.43 to 21.75 mg/L. There was some indication of vanadium pentoxide being most toxic at a pH of 7. Also, ... zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) /were tested/ with vanadium pentoxide and found that a pH of 7.5 provided the most toxic conditions. At this pH, death occurred between 23.5 and 45 hr at a concentration of 22 mg/L, whereas at pH 8.2, the time decreased to 32 hr and, at pH 8.8-9, to 37-39 hr.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Vanadium pentoxide mainly used as catalyst in sulfuric acid, maleic anhydride and ceramics industry, is a pollutant watering redistributed around the environment. Research on biological influence of vanadium pentoxide has gained major importance because it exerts toxic effects on a wide variety of biological systems. In this work ...the effects of vanadium pentoxide ranging from 0 to 2 mM in culture media on a wine wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Alentejo region of Portugal /are evaluated/. ...Results show that 2.0 mM vanadium pentoxide in culture medium induced a significant increase of malonaldehyde level and Glutathione peroxidase activity, a slight increase of Catalase A activity as well as a decrease of wet weight and mitochondrial NADH cit c reductase of S. cerevisiae UE-ME(3). Also... results show that cycloheximide prevent cell death when cells grow 30 min in presence of 1.5 mM of vanadium pentoxide.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Wheezing.

Redness. Burning sensation. Pain.

Pain. Redness. Conjunctivitis.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, throat; green tongue, metallic taste; cough, fine rales, wheezing, bronchitis, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); eczema

Inhalation of vanadium causes lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose, and a sore throat. (L837)

P120; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when vanadium pentoxide, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 7/11/03; Reporting date: 9/9/03.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Vanadium pentoxide is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Vanadium pentoxide is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(AZ) ARIZONA 7 ug/L /Vanadium/

(FL) FLORIDA 49 ug/L /Vanadium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 50 ug/L /Vanadium/

(WI) WISCONSIN 30 ug/L /Vanadium/

(CA) CALIFORNIA 50 ug/L /Vanadium/

Vanadium has been measured in fuel oil at 250 to 400 ppm and in Bessemer slag at 10 to 15% of the weight of the total ash. [ACGIH] Flu ash from oil burning furnaces may contain more than 50% vanadium pentoxide; [ILO Encyclo: Vanadium] Vanadium exposure can also occur in workers cleaning coal furnaces, mining, and producing ferrovanadium. Vanadium is used as a polymer catalyst, dye mordant, and ceramic colorant. [LaDou, p. 481]

Welding [Category: Weld]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Chemical intermediate; principally a chemical intermediate for vanadium alloys & compounds; oxidation catalyst in many industrial synthesis processes; catalyst in manufacture of sulfuric acid (contact process); oxidation catalyst in automobile catalytic converters; additive to glass for screening UV radiation.

Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst as well as in the production of superconductive magnets.

Catalyst for oxidation of sulfur dioxide in sulfuric acid manufacture, ferrovanadium, catalyst for many organic reactions, ceramic coloring material, vanadium salts, inhibiting UV transmission in glass, photographic developer, and dyeing textiles.

(1990) estimated 1.9X10+6 lb; (1989) 4.62X10+6 lb; (1988) 1.37X10+6 lb; (1987) 1.64X10+6 lb /Vanadium pentoxide, anhydride/

(2000) 100 metric tons /Oxides and hydroxides, other/

(2001) 63 metric tons /Oxides and hydroxides, other/

(2002) 203 metric tons /Oxides and hydroxides, other/

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1990) estimated 3.7X10+5 lb; (1989) 4.07X10+5 lb; (1988) 4.82X10+5 lb; (1987) 4.57X10+5 lb; (1986) 8.24X10+5 lb /Vanadium pentoxide, anhydride/

Vanadium: Imports for consumption: /Vanadium pentoxide, anhydride/

(2004) 1,830 metric tons, estimated /Ash, ore, residues, slag/

(2000) 14 metric tons /Oxides and hydroxides, other/

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 5,500,000 - <7,000,000 lb

2023: 4,239,148 lb

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Vanadium oxide (V2O5). National Production Volume: 13,623,026 lb/yr.

Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable

Other

V2O5 is prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium vanadates at 500-600 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere (air).

The principal vanadium-bearing ores are generally crushed, ground, screened, and mixed with a sodium salt, e.g., NaCl or Na2CO3. This mixture is roasted at ca 850 °C and the oxides are converted to water-soluble sodium metavanadate, NaVO3. The vanadium is extracted by leaching with water and precipitates at pH 2-3 as sodium hexavanadate, Na4V6O17, a red cake, by the addition of sulfuric acid. This is then fused at 700 °C to yield a dense black product which is sold as technical-grade vanadium pentoxide. This product contains a minimum of 86 wt % V2O5 and a maximum of 6-10 wt % Na2O. The red cake can be further purified by dissolving it in an aqueous solution of Na2CO3. The iron, aluminum, and silicon impurities precipitate from the solution upon pH adjustment. Ammonium metavanadate then precipitates upon the addition of NH4Cl and is calcined to give vanadium pentoxide of greater than 99.8% purity.

(1) Alkali or acid extraction from vanadium minerals. (2) By igniting ammonium metavanadate. (3) From concentrate ferrophosphorus slag by roasting with sodium chloride, leaching with water, and purification by solvent extraction followed by precipitation and heating.

Production: iron-vanadium ore (calcination/water leaching/solvent extraction/precipitation/calcination); spent oil-refining catalysts/boiler fly-ash (solvent extraction/precipitation/calcination); phosphoric acid, crude (solvent extraction/hydrorefining; co-produced with yellow cake); uranium ore (leaching/solvent extraction/hydrorefining; co-produced with yellow cake).

Plastics -> Polymer Type -> N.a.

Plastics -> Pigments agents

Primary Metal Manufacturing

Primary Metal Manufacturing

Vanadium oxide (V2O5): ACTIVE

Vanadium oxide: ACTIVE

Prior to 1960, the main vanadium mill products were fused technical-grade pentoxide (black cake) containing 86-92 wt% V2O5 and air-dried technical-grade pentoxide (red cake) containing 83-86 wt% V2O5, both being high in alkali content.

Under environmental conditions, vanadium may exist in oxidation states +3, +4, and +5. V3+ and V4+ act as cations, but V5+, the most common form in the aquatic environment, reacts both as a cation and anionically as an analogue of phosphate. /Vanadium ions/