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Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

Fire Extinguishing Media: Pathway; water fog, alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical.

Use water spray, foam, powder.

Keep containers closed. Do not cut or weld container.

Seperated from food and feedstuffs.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

This chlorinated brush killer is usually formulated with 2,4-D /(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid/ and the disposal problems are similar. Incineration at 1000 °C for 2 sec is required for thermal decomposition. Alternatively, the free acid can be precipitated from its soln by addition of a mineral acid. The concentrated acid can then be incinerated and the dilute residual soln disposed in an area where several years persistence in the soil can be tolerated. Recommendable methods: Incineration /and/ adsorption. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Do not take working clothes home.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Mean residues of picloram in urine collected between July 23 and August 3, 1979 from workers performing spray operations were 0.52 mg/kg at Kapuskasing, Ontario; 0.26 mg/kg at North Bay, Ontario; and 0.03 mg/kg in Control, Ontario. Mean residues in urine during a spray operation at five locations during the week of airborne monitoring in Ontario, Canada, 1980 were 0.14 mg/kg for the roadside gun method, 0.05 mg/kg for the rights-of-way gun method, and 0.20 mg/kg for the rights-of-way mist blower method. Breathing zone air samples taken during the week of monitoring contained picloram with mean concentrations of 1.3 ug/cu m for the roadside gun method, 2.3 ug/cu m for the rights-of-way gun method, and 14.9 ug/cu-m for the rights-of-way mist blower method. The dermal exposure route dominated compared to inhalation even for the mist blower method(1).

Single oral doses of 720 mg/kg in sheep ... did not result in overt signs of toxicity. ... A toxic synergism between picloram & (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) appears to exist in sheep. A 36 mg/kg dose of picloram plus 2,4-D at 134 mg/kg resulted in death of livestock.

Microsomes from male rats treated with picloram (100 mg/kg/day) for 7 days showed a 48% decrease in 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity when incubated with (4-14C) androstenedione. These data are consistent with the assertion that picloram decreases the titer of hepatic male specific cytochrome P-450h. ... First, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an intensified hepatic microsomal polypeptide (MW 54,000) following picloram pretreatment. This polypeptide co-migrated with protein bands which were correspondingly intensified after pretreatment with known inducers of cytochrome P-450d (3-methylcholanthrene and isosafrole). Second, no increase in the binding of metyrapone to picloram treated microsomes was noted compared with controls, suggesting no increase in phenobarbital-inducible forms of cytochrome P-450. Third, hepatic microsomes from picloram treated rats activated 2-amino-3-methylimidazo (4,5-f)quinoline (a cytochrome P-450d mediated catalysis) causing a 5-fold increase in the number of induced Salmonella typhimurium TA98 revertant colonies formed compared with control microsomes. Fourth, the binding of n-octylamine to hepatic microsomes from picloram-treated rats showed, like microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, an increase in the proportion of high-spin cytochrome P-450 present. Cytochrome P-450d is known to be a high spin hemoprotein.

Hepatic

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) 3 month old male; oral >2000 mg/kg /Purity 90.5%/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) age 10 days; oral >5000 ppm in 5-day diet (no mortality to 5000 ppm) /Purity 90.5%/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) age 10 days; oral >5000 ppm in 5-day diet (no mortality to 5000 ppm) /Purity 90.5%/

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) age 7 days; oral >5000 ppm in 5-day diet (no mortality to 5000 ppm) /Purity 90.5%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PICLORAM (70 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 0.026-100(2-4), indicate that picloram is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of picloram is 2.3(5), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Leaching potential is greatest in sandy soils low in organic matter(7,8). Volatilization of picloram from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given its pKa(5). Picloram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6X10-16 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Aerobic degradation half-lives for picloram at various application rates in soil ranged from 18 days at 0.0025 ppm to 300 days at 2.5 ppm(9). Based on these half-lives, picloram is expected to biodegrade in soil(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Picloram was aerially applied to a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris L) site in the upper coastal plain of Alabama to control kudzu. Pellets were spread at the rate of 56 kg/ha on loamy sand Typic Kanhapludult soils. A concentration of 68 mg/cu m of picloram was detected downstream 4 days after application. A maximum downstream concentration of 77 mg/cu m occurred 18 days after application, immediately after the second storm event. Downstream levels dropped to <10 mg/cu m after 90 days and to <2 mg/cu m after 200 days. Levels climbed again into the 20 to 30 mg/cu m range following localized retreatment along the stream more than a year after the initial treatment. Picloram residues in a perennial stream that had been inadvertently treated were higher than those observed downstream (up to 241 mg/cu m) and dropped faster (to <2 mg/cu m after day 150). Picloram levels in the upper 15 cm of mineral soil peaked at 0.96 to 2.25 mg/kg 225 days after application and declined to 0.13 to 0.29 mg/kg one year later. Picloram was detected in soil solution at a depth of 0.4 m between 26 and 273 days after application. Only 4 of 15 lysimeters consistently contained detectable residues. Maximum picloram levels in soil solution were 130, 450, and 191 mg/cu m for ridge, midslope, and toe-slope positions, respectively(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Picloram was applied to control spotted knapweed in the northern Rockies. A valley bottom terrace was treated with picloram at 0.28 kg/ha in the spring of 1985, and sampled over the following 445 days. In the spring of 1986, picloram was applied at 1.12 kg/ha to both sides of a minimal construction logging road extending 4 km along a stream draining a granitic upper mountain watershed. At the valley bottom site, 36, 13, and 10.5% of the picloram applied persisted after 90, 365, and 445 days, respectively. At the mountain watershed site, 78% persisted after 90 days. Picloram was not detected in the surface or groundwater during the 90 days after application. Losses at both sites during the first seven days were attributed to photodegradation(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Japanese quail fed 1,000 mg picloram per kg body weight for two weeks experienced a decrease in egg fertility and hatchability.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of Coho salmon smolts to herbicide Tardon 101 (picloram and 2,4-D) at 0.6-1.8 mg/L for 96 hr prevented successful migration upon release.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /Investigators/ conducted acute and chronic toxicity studies of the effects of picloram acid on the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and the standard coldwater surrogate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile fish were chronically exposed for 30 days in a proportional flow-through diluter to measured concentrations of 0, 0.30, 0.60, 1.18, 2.37, and 4.75 mg/L picloram. No mortality of either species was observed at the highest concentration. Bull trout were twofold more sensitive to picloram (30-day maximum acceptable toxic concentration of 0.80 mg/L) compared to rainbow trout (30-day maximum acceptable toxic concentration of 1.67 mg/L) based on the endpoint of growth. Picloram was acutely toxic to rainbow trout at 36 mg/L (96-hr ALC50). The acute:chronic ratio for rainbow trout exposed to picloram was 22. The chronic toxicity of picloram was compared to modeled and measured environmental exposure concentrations (EECs) using a four-tiered system. The Tier 1, worst-case exposure estimate, based on a direct application of the current maximum use rate (1.1 kg/ha picloram) to a standardized aquatic ecosystem (water body of 1-ha area and 1-m depth), resulted in an EEC of 0.73 mg/L picloram and chronic risk quotients of 0.91 and 0.44 for bull trout and rainbow trout, respectively. Higher-tiered exposure estimates reduced chronic risk quotients 10-fold. Results of this study indicate that picloram, if properly applied according to the manufacturer's label, poses little risk to the threatened bull trout or rainbow trout in northwestern rangeland environments on either an acute or a chronic basis.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Water concentration of picloram simulated field exposures of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) to picloram following rainfall. Picloram increased fry mortality in concentration greater than 1300 ug/L and decreased fry growth in concentration greater than 610 ug/L. No adverse effect from less than 290 ug/L.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PICLORAM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Riesel, TX, 1970-72, grass in fields treated with 1:1 mixture of picloram and 2,4,5-T at 1.12 kg/ha (2.24 kg/ha): avg concn 0-52,856 ppb (0-70,265)(1,2). Picloram accumulated rapidly in broom snakeweed between 15 min and 1 hour of application; no further absorption occurred through 72 hours with maximum uptake of approximately 15 percent of the applied picloram. Picloram absorption was greatest at pH 4 and least at pH 6(3).

No acute symptoms expected.

No acute symptoms expected.

No acute symptoms expected.

No acute symptoms expected.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; nausea; In Animals: liver, kidney changes

Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide picloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the following table from its application in the acid form or in the form of its salts. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified in this paragraph is to be determined by measuring only picloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid, in or on the commodity.[Table#2892]

The following uses of pesticide products containing the active ingredients specified below have been classified for restricted use and are limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.[Table#2893]

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredients picloram acid and its derivatives, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of picloram and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. The Agency concludes that products containing picloram for all uses are eligible for reregistration provided the risk mitigation measures specified in this document are implemented. The Agency has determined that picloram, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Picloram is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0096; Pesticide type: herbicide; Registration Standard Date: 09/30/1988 PB89-159834; Case Status: RED Approved 03/1995, OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): picloram; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI.

(AZ) ARIZONA 49 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 500 ug/l

Used to control woody plants and broad-leaved weeds in range management programs; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For picloram (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 005101) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Herbicide

For deep-rooted broadleaf weeds and woody plants. Most grasses are resistant. Non-crop use in brush control along utility rights-of-way on forest sites, for weed and brush control in pastures and rangeland, and broadleaf weed control in small grains.

An herbicide used as a defoliant in forest warfare.

2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.[Table#2896]

Produced by chlorination of 2-methylpyridine, hydrolysis and reaction with ammonia ...

Picloram is produced from alpha-picoline by chlorination, followed by hydrolysis of the alpha-trichloropicoline derivative, and amidation.

Premix Partners: 2,4-D; Dicamba; Fluroxypyr; Metsulfuron-methyl; Oxyfluorfen; Triclopyr.

Suspension concentrate

These include: pellets (20 or 100 g ai/kg); aqueous concentrates (240 g acid equivalent) Picloram-potassium/L). Mixtures include aqueous concentrates of salts: picloram + aminotriazole + atrazine + simazine; picloram + aminotriazole + bromacil + dalapon + diuron; picloram + bromacil + diuron; picloram + 2,4-D; picloram + 2,4-D + dichlorprop; picloram + 2,4-D + tebuthiuron; picloram + 2,4-D + MCPA + mecoprop; also emulsifiable concentrated picloram as amine salt + triclopyr-(2-butoxyethyl); granules picloram + bromacil.

TORDON 10K pellets- 10% picloram as potassium salt; TORDON 22K- 2 lb picloram/gal as potassium salt; TORDON 101 Mixture- 0.5 lb picloram plus 2 lb 2,4-D/gal as amine salts; TORDON 155 Mixture- 1 lb picloram + 4 lb 2,4,5-T/gal as esters.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for PICLORAM (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Herbicides

HERBICIDES

2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-: ACTIVE

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies picloram as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: herbicide.

Application methods: granular formulations can be applied by hand or with most commercial granular applicators. Liquid sprays can be applied aerially, or by ground equipment, knapsack equipment, and tree injectors. All applications should be applied in a manner to avoid drift. Liquid formulations can be applied under conditions favorable for plant growth anytime up to 3 wk before frost. Granular applications are most effective when rainfall occurs soon after application. ... Usual carrier: the liquid salt formulations are applied in water sprays. Tordon 155 is applied in fuel oil.