1,3-에폭시부탄

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Same general precautions should be taken when handling butylene oxides as when handling ethylene oxide.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,3-butylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,3-butylene oxide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated using a fragment constant estimation method(3). The potential for volatilization of 1,3-butylene oxide from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 218 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2006); however, a similar compound, ethylene oxide is readily biodegradable in screening tests(5,6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,3-butylene oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.86(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2006); however, a similar low molecular weight epoxide (ethylene oxide) is biodegradable(8,9). 1,3-Butylene oxide is expected to hydrolyze, based on hydrolysis half-lives of 14 days and 9 days for ethylene oxide in freshwater and 3% saltwater, respectively at pH 7(9)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3-butylene oxide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 218 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-butylene oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1,3-butylene oxide can be estimated to be 4(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,3-butylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Pain, conjunctival irritation, and transient corneal injury may be expected from ... /ocular applications of liquid/ in humans.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The hazard to health of butylene oxides is not as great as for either ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. They are less volatile, more odorous, and less toxic. Excessive exposure, however, can result in eye, skin, and respiratory injury. ... The toxicological information available on the butylene oxides has been derived from studies on mixed isomers.

1,3-Butylene oxide may be a minor constituent of other butylene oxides; their production and use in the manufacture of butylene glycols, gasoline additives, as acid scavengers, and stabilizers for chlorinated solvents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

No biodegradation data were located for 1,3-butylene oxide(SRC, 2006); however, structurally similar epoxides generally biodegrade readily in screening tests(SRC). Ethylene oxide at 100 mg/L achieved 100% of its theoretical BOD using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L over a 4 week incubation period in the Japanese MITI Test(1).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 1,3-butylene oxide(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.86(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,3-butylene oxide is estimated as 8.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,3-butylene oxide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). 1,3-Butylene oxide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,3-butylene oxide from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 218 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ When mixed butylene oxides were fed to rats by intubation as a 30% solution in corn oil, the LD50 was... about 0.5 g/kg. Deaths occured within a day or not at all. /Butylene oxides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rats exposed to an atmosphere saturated with butylene oxides at room temperature showed anesthetic effects within minutes. Exposures lasting 12 minutes were lethal whereas those lasting 6 minutes caused some delayed deaths, all of which were due to secondary pneumonia. It appears that the principal hazard from acute vapor exposure is irritation of lungs followed by edema and pneumonitis. Because of the irritating nature of acutely hazardous concentrations, the hazard of acute exposure would seem to be slight. /Butylene oxides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ When applied to eyes of rabbits, liquid /butylene/ oxide was found to be markedly irritating ... the liquid is markedly irritating to skin of rabbits when confined beneath a covering. When free to evaporate, it does not cause appreciable irritation. A short contact would not be expected to cause more than a mild irritation, but prolonged or repeated exposure would be expected to cause blistering and necrosis.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The purpose of this research was to develop and characterize a sensitive test method to detect mutagenic activity of volatile liquid organic chemicals (ie, volatiles) in the Ames/Salmonella assay. The vaporization technique was evaluated concurrently against the plate incorporation and preincubation techniques with eight liquid volatile mutagens ... with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA 102. Results suggested that when volatile organic chemicals with boiling points below 63 °C were tested for mutagenic activity, the most sensitive test conditions were the vaporization technique with TA 100. Three general test groups of volatile organic chemicals were identified by test data: (1) chemicals which had boiling points below 63 °C, for which the vaporization technique was the most sensitive test procedure (ethylene, propylene, and butylene oxides and methylene chloride) ... .

/ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO TESTS/ Butylene oxide caused decrease of reversibility of heat denaturation at degree of alkylation at which melting temperature was only slightly decreased. /Butylene oxides/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3-butylene oxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,3-Butylene oxide contains an epoxide functional group which may be susceptible to hydrolysis(2,3), but the rate of this reaction is not known for 1,3-butylene oxide. The hydrolysis half-life of ethylene oxide in river water (pH 7.4) was about 14 days and was 9 days in 3% salt water at pH 7 and 25 °C(4).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,521 workers (2,537 of these are female) are potentially exposed to butylene oxides in the US(1). Occupational exposure to butylene oxides may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used(SRC).

IRRITATING NATURE OF BUTYLENE OXIDE VAPOR MAKES IT UNLIKELY THAT PERSONS WOULD REMAIN IN ACUTELY TOXIC CONCN FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME. ... /IT WAS/ ... SUGGESTED THAT LITTLE POSSIBILITY OF INJURY SEEMS TO EXIST IF VAPOR CONCN ... KEPT BELOW 400 PPM. /BUTYLENE OXIDE/

1,3-Butylene oxide may be a minor constituent of other butylene oxides; their production and use in the manufacture of butylene glycols, gasoline additives, as acid scavengers, and stabilizers for chlorinated solvents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 218 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,3-butylene oxide will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-butylene oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. If released to soil, 1,3-butylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 4. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. 1,3-Butylene oxide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. No biodegradation were located for 1,3-butylene oxide; however, ethylene oxide, a structurally similar compound, degraded readily in screening tests. If released into water, 1,3-butylene oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1,3-Butylene oxide possesses a functional group that may hydrolyze under environmental conditions. The hydrolysis half-life of ethylene oxide, a structurally similar compound, was approximately 14 and 9 days in freshwater and 3% saltwater, respectively at pH 7 and 25 °C. Occupational exposure to 1,3-butylene oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-butylene oxide is produced or used. (SRC)