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EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Thimerosal (an organic mercury compound) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and hospitals. This study examines the removal of mercury (thimerosal and Hg (II)) from a pharmaceutical wastewater using F-400 granular activated carbon (GAC) at bench and pilot scales. Bench scale dynamic column tests are conducted with 30, 60, 90 and 120 min empty bed contact times (EBCTs). The pilot scale study is conducted using two GAC columns-in-series each of 30 min EBCT.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

0.1 [mg/m3], as Hg

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.03 mg/cu m. Skin. /Mercury alkyl compounds, as Hg/

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

2 mg Hg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

2 mg/cu m (as Hg) /Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg)/

Maximum mercury concentrations were blood 14 mg/L, serum 1.7 mg/L, urine 10.7 mg/L, and cerebrospinal fluid 0.025 mg/L /after an 83 mg/kg ingestion of thimerosal/. Mercury concentration in blood declined with two velocities: first with half-time 2.2 days, then with half-time 40.5 days. The decline of mercury concentration in blood, urinary mercury excretion, and renal mercury clearance were not substantially influenced by chelation therapy.

Mercury concentrations were determined in various tissues from 6 ... infants /exposed to topical applications of 0.1% thimerosalfor the treatment of exomphalos . Mean tissue concentrations in fresh samples of liver, kidney, spleen, and heart ranged from 5152 to 11,330 ppb, suggesting percutaneous absorption from repeated topical applications.

Selected as the 2002 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year; however, this publication notes that the prevalence of sensitization was presumed to be induced by vaccinations, because thimerosal was used as a preservative in vaccines up until 1999. Routine testing to thimerosal is no longer recommended and il is now the

Mercury mainly affects the nervous system. Exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. Effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. Acrodynia, a type of mercury poisoning in children, is characterized by pain and pink discoloration of the hands and feet. Mercury poisoning can also cause Hunter-Russell syndrome and Minamata disease. (L7)

High-affinity binding of the divalent mercuric ion to thiol or sulfhydryl groups of proteins is believed to be the major mechanism for the activity of mercury. Through alterations in intracellular thiol status, mercury can promote oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in heme metabolism. Mercury is known to bind to microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, resulting in cell injury and death. For example, mercury is known to inhibit aquaporins, halting water flow across the cell membrane. It also inhibits the protein LCK, which causes decreased T-cell signalling and immune system depression. Mercury is also believed to inhibit neuronal excitability by acting on the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. It also affects the nervous system by inhibiting protein kinase C and alkaline phosphatase, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Organic mercury exerts developmental effects by binding to tubulin, preventing microtubule assembly and causing mitotic inhibition. Mercury also produces an autoimmune response, likely by modification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, self peptides, T-cell receptors, or cell-surface adhesion molecules. (L7, A8, A25, A26)

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Ten of 13 infants exposed to topical applications of a thimerosal tincture 0.1% for the treatment of exomphalos died. The total number of applications ranged from 9 to 48. Mercury concentrations were determined in various tissues from 6 of the infants. Mean tissue concentrations in fresh samples of liver, kidney, spleen, and heart ranged from 5152 to 11,330 ppb, suggesting percutaneous absorption from repeated topical applications.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Mercury derivatives are frequent contact allergens and their cross-reactivity is not constant. Thimerosal is an organic mercurial used as an antiseptic and as a preservative in most vaccines. /The purpose of the study was / to evaluate cross-reactivity, exposure factors, and tolerance to vaccines containing thimerosal in patients sensitized to mercury derivatives.125 patients were recruited for the study, 72 women and girls and 53 boys and men, average age 18.7 years old, range 3 to 65, with positive patch tests to mercury derivatives and/or thimerosal; Interventions: All patients were studied by means of enquiry, patch tests, intradermal tests, and intramuscular challenge with thimerosal. A sensitization to thimerosal was observed in 57 patients. Twenty-four of these 125 patients presented a positive intradermal reaction. Ammoniated mercury seems to be a good marker of mercury sensitization eliciting positive reaction in 78% of all patients and merbromin in 66%. In most cases, (100/125) cross-reactivity was found among mercury derivatives. The intramuscular injection of thimerosal induced a mild local reaction in only 5 patients (4% of the total, 9% of thimerosal positive reactions). Childhood vaccinations, merbromin used as an antiseptic, broken thermometers, and the use of drops were the main sources of exposure. The majority of the patients showed positive tests to both organic and inorganic mercury derivatives. Vaccination with thimerosal is relatively safe, even for individuals with delayed type hypersensitivity to this chemical, since more than 90% of allergic patients tolerated intramuscular challenge tests with thimerosal. A simplified protocol of patch tests to study mercury derivatives is proposed. It would be advisable to restrict the use of mercurial antiseptics and mercury thermometers.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Common contact allergen. /from table/

/CASE REPORTS/ Six cases of severe mercury poisoning resulting in four deaths were reported following the intramuscular administration of chloramphenicol preserved with thimerosal. A manufacturing error resulted in each vial containing 510 mg of thimerosal instead of 0.51 mg per vial. Extensive tissue necrosis was noted at the site of injection in all patients. Fever, altered mental status, slurred speech, and ataxia were noted. On autopsy there was evidence of widespread degeneration and necrosis of the renal tubules. Elevated mercury concentrations were found in kidneys, livers, brain, and injection site tissues.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Maximum tolerated doses not associated with death of the animals were 20 mg thimerosal/kg (rabbits) and 45 mg/kg (rats).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The administration of thimerosal intranasally for 190 days was evaluated; no histopathological changes in the brain or kidney /were observed/.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ The toxicity of ethyl- versus methylmercury in adult male and female rats administered 5 daily doses of equimolar concentrations of ethyl- or methylmercury by gavage. Ethylmercury, the mercury derivative found in thimerosal, /was/ less neurotoxic than methylmercury, the mercury derivative for which the various guidelines are based. /Ethyl mercury/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ The effect of thimerosal, an organomercurial preservative in vaccines, on cerebellar neurons dissociated from 2-week-old rats was compared with those of methylmercury using a flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescent dyes. Thimerosal and methylmercury at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 10 uM increased the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration-dependent manner. The potency of 10 microM thimerosal to increase the [Ca2+]i was less than that of 10 uM methylmercury. Their effects on the [Ca2+]i were greatly attenuated, but not completely suppressed, under external Ca(2+)-free condition, suggesting a possibility that both agents increase membrane Ca2+ permeability and release Ca2+ from intracellular calcium stores. The effect of 10 uM thimerosal was not affected by simultaneous application of 30 uM L-cysteine whereas that of 10 uM methylmercury was significantly suppressed. The potency of thimerosal was similar to that of methylmercury in the presence of L-cysteine. Both agents at 1 uM or more similarly decreased the cellular content of glutathione in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting an increase in oxidative stress. Results indicate that thimerosal exerts some cytotoxic actions on cerebellar granule neurons dissociated from 2-week-old rats and its potency is almost similar to that of methylmercury.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THIMEROSAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and teat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with available water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Mercury and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient with severe pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Mercury and related compounds/

Use is diminishing as a preservative in eye drops, vaccines, and cleaners for contact lenses; [Kanerva, p. 1839] Used in vaccines until 1999 at a concentration of 25 ug per 0.5 ml dose of several common vaccines; [Rom, p. 992] Has been removed from US-licensed vaccines for children under 7 years--either thimerosal-free or contain only trace amounts (<0.5 ug Hg/dose) with the exception of some inactivated influenza vaccines. [Goldfrank, p. 812]

Using Disinfectants or Biocides [Category: Clean]

For thimerosal (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 078901) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

An ophthalmic preservative, a topical anti-infective

Fungicide for cotton seed treatment.

Pharmaceutic aid (preservative)

Drugs and other preparations containing thimerosal /as a preservative/: Crotalidae (Wyeth) antivenin; Diphtheria - tetanus toxoid; Gammar (gamma immune globulin); Lactrodectus mactans antivenin; Micrurus fulvius antivenin; Neosporin (triple antibiotic) ophthalmic solution; Ocufren (flurbiprofen) ophthalmic solution; Pneumovax-23 (pneumococcal) vaccine; Rabies immune globulin /From table/

Thimerosal contains approximately 49% mercury /by molecular weight calculation/.