사이클로테트라메틸렌테트라니트라민

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Cargo fire: Do not fight fire when fire reaches cargo! Cargo may explode! Stop all traffic and clear the area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions and let burn. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Tire or vehicle fire: Use plenty of water - flood it! If water is not available, use CO2, dry chemical or dirt. If possible, and without risk, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles from maximum distance to prevent fire from spreading to cargo area. Pay special attention to tire fires as re-ignition may occur. Stand by, at a safe distance, with extinguisher ready for possible re-ignition.[CAMEO Chemicals/NOAA Chemical Datasheet on Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine,

Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile) in all directions. Large spill: Consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. Fire: If rail car or trailer is involved in a fire, isolate for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.[CAMEO Chemicals/NOAA Chemical Datasheet on Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine,

Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Do not operate radio transmitters within 100 meters (330 feet) of electric detonators. Do not clean-up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.[CAMEO Chemicals/NOAA Chemical Datasheet on Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine,

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Batch carbon adsorption studies were conducted for pollutants (TNT, RDX, TAX, HMX, & SEX) from Holston AAP industrial liquid waste treatment facility.

Ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide studies were conducted for pollutants: TNT, RDX, HMX, and SEX from Holston Army Ammunition Plant liquid waste treatment facility.

Pilot studies were conducted on each of the streams from army ammunition plants and simulated stream for a new facility being considered for production of RDX/HMX. Both the activated sludge system and rotating biological contactor system show a high degree of BOD removal. In both systems carbon columns are needed to remove the nonbiodegradable contaminates from the streams. An optimum treatment approach may be a hybrid system.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: chemical protection suit. Cover the spilled material with water. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System)

Hepatic

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 7-day old fry; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.1, hardness 35 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 15 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 8.8-26 mg/L) /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) weight 0.9 g, length 43 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 10 °C, pH 7.1, hardness 35 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 4.0-9.0 mg/L; Concentration: >32 mg/L for 24, 48, 96 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) weight 1.2 g, length 57 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.1, hardness 35 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 4.0-9.0 mg/L; Concentration: >32 mg/L for 24, 48, 96 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) weight 1 g, length 35 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.1, hardness 35 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 4.0-9.0 mg/L; Concentration: >32 mg/L for 24, 48, 96 hr /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 30-290(2), indicate that cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.4X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine is not expected to degrade aerobically in soil based on 0% degradation in both fortified and field contaminated soil samples after 56 days(4). However, anaerobic biodegradation of this compound is expected based on 90% degradation after 10 days in tests using an anaerobic sewage sludge innoculum and 100% degradation after 11 days, 100% after 20-22 days, 77% after 28 days in tests using anaerobic sewage sludge enrichment cultures(5,6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 30 and 290 in soil(2) and 670 in sediment(3), indicate that cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are both much greater than 1 year(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.17(7) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine has been measured to be 21 years in an aqueous acetone solution at pH 8 and 15 °C(3). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine was stable over a period of 70 days in fortified reagent-grade water, ground water, and surface water samples at initial concentrations of 45.97 ug/L, 68.50 ug/L, and 47.53 ug/L, respectively(8). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine is not expected to biodegrade aerobically in water based on 0% degradation after 28 days using a sludge enrichment culture from a sewage treatment plant(9). However, this substance has been shown to biodegrade slowly in an anaerobic river water sample with 50% biodegradation achieved after 50 days(10).

AQUATIC FATE: The impact of photolysis and biotransformation on the persistence of HMX in water from the Holston River near the Holston Army Ammunition Plant (HAAP), Kingsport, TN and Louisiana Atmy Ammunition Plant (LAAP) lagoons, Minden, LA was reported. Photolysis was found to be the dominant transformation process in the Holston River. Poor light transmission through the lagoon waters inhibited photolytic processes. Conditions were not favorable for biotransformation in the Holston River or in LAAP lagoons. Computer simulations of the Holston River and LAAP lagoons indicate that HMX will be persistent in these environments with dilution serving as the major factor in reducing HMX concentrations in these bodies of water(1).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of of 2.4X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Photolysis is expected to be an important fate process for cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine in sunlit environments based on photolysis half-lives of 1.4 days in pure water and 1.7 days in river water(3).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) is a white crystalline solid. HMX has uses similar to RDX, that is, as a base charge for detonators and as an ingredient of bursting-charge and plastic explosives by the military. HUMAN STUDIES: Human exposure of munitions plant workers has indicated no adverse effects. However, a 28-year-old man with no history of epilepsy was admitted to the Emergency Department for seizures that had developed during the night after a full working day when he manually sieved large amounts of dry HMX. ANIMAL STUDIES: Following exposure to a single oral dose of 5,447, 1,626, and 50 mg/kg HMX in rats, mice, and rabbits, respectively, a "reddening" of the lungs was observed. A "white fluid" was noted in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and mice exposed to a single oral dose of 5,447 and 1,626 mg/kg HMX, respectively. Deaths in rabbits were observed following single oral doses of 100 mg/kg or more. In mice, the males appeared to be more sensitive to the lethal effects of HMX. In rats, HMX may adversely affect the kidney. Hepatocyte hyperplasia and cytoplasmic eosinophilia were noted in rats and mice exposed to 1,280 and 300 mg/kg/day HMX, respectively, for 14 days. Clear evidence of hepatotoxicity was observed at a higher dose of 8,504 mg/kg/day HMX, which resulted in centrilobular degeneration in male rats exposed for 14 days. Based on the results of 13 weeks dietary study in rats, a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg/day for males and 115 mg/kg/day for females was estimated, together with a LOAEL of 150 mg/kg/day for toxic liver effects in males and 270 mg/kg/day for toxic renal effects in females. Fourteen day studies in mice showed increased activity and excitability at 100 mg/kg/day. Studies in animals have reported neurological effects following acute oral, dermal, and parenteral exposures to HMX. HMX did not exhibit mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium using the Ames test. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Environmental studies suggest that the potential for reproductive toxicity of HMX to birds is low. Freshwater invertebrates exposed to explosives at contaminated sites may be affected at concentrations less than 25 mg/kg through hormetic growth enhancement and at higher concentrations through increased mortality. Generally, no adverse effects of exposure to 32 mg HMX/L were observed among any of the algae, fish, or invertebrate species tested. The 7-day old fry of fathead minnow were the only life stage or species acutely affected. Although RDX and HMX did not have adverse effects on plants, these compounds did cause earthworm mortality. Synergistic effects of explosives mixture were observed.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ High-melting explosive (HMX; octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) is a widely utilized explosive component of munitions used by the military. Consequently, production and use through testing and training at military installations has resulted in deposition of HMX in soil. Since these areas are often used by birds, the oral toxicity of HMX exposure to northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) was evaluated. Attempts to determine the acute lethal dose were unsuccessful. Initially, 8 birds (1 male/1 female per dose group) were orally dosed at levels ranging from 125 to 2125 mg HMX/kg body weight. A single death at the midrange resulted in subsequent trials of oral doses up to 10,760 mg/kg body weight. Only a single death occurred at 7173 mg/kg. A subsequent 28-day feeding study was then conducted to evaluate the potential for toxicity resulting from repetitive oral exposures. Northern bobwhite were exposed to concentrations of HMX in feed of either 10000, 1000, 100, or 0 mg/kg. These exposures resulted in a clear concentration-related reduction in feed consumption and body mass. Reductions in egg production in females were correlated with changes in body mass and feed consumption. Other physiological indicators were consistent with a considerable reduction in feed intake. These results suggest that HMX concentration is responsible for intense feed aversion behavior and thus not likely a factor that would appreciably contribute to risk for wild birds at military ranges.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Adult Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were exposed via food to octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), an energetic compound found in soils at military training installations. Depuration of HMX into eggs was examined in an initial study, and effects on egg production, hatching, growth, development, and survival of chicks were examined in a follow-up study. HMX was readily and rapidly transferred from female quail into eggs. Marked weight loss was observed in quail exposed to 125 and 250 mg/kg HMX in food, likely due to reductions in food intake rather than a toxic mechanism. In the second study, significant alterations in body mass occurred among quail at concentrations >52.5 +/- 9.3 mg/kg but not at 12.3 +/- 1.1 mg/kg in food. Treatment-related reductions in food consumption and decreases in egg laying rates were observed. No HMX-related effects were found in chick growth or survival. Quail inhabiting HMX-contaminated sites could possibly be exposed to HMX and therefore deposition of HMX into eggs is also possible. However, results of these studies further suggest that the potential for reproductive toxicity of HMX to birds is low.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ...Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) via feed containing nominal concentrations of 0, 12.5, 50.0, and 125.0 mg/kg. Metabolic rates (oxygen consumption) of developing quail eggs were then measured via respirometry to examine potential effects of HMX exposure. Metabolic rates were examined on 5, 9, and 21 days of incubation. Next, concentrations of HMX in embryos/eggs were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean (+/- SE) concentrations of HMX in eggs were 21.0 +/- 5.9, 1113 +/- 79.0, 3864 +/- 154.0, and 7426 +/- 301.1 ng/g in control, low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. There were significant differences in oxygen consumption among the three embryo ages, however differences among the ages were not consistent among dose groups (age x dose group interaction p<0.0001). Oxygen consumption rates did not vary as a function of HMX in embryos (p=0.18). No evidence was observed for alterations of in ovo metabolic rates associated with HMX exposure.

The concentration of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine in plants grown in soil contaminated with this explosive (8.6 mg/kg) was 43 mg/kg in lettuce, 4.3 mg/kg in corn stover, and 6.0 mg/kg in yellow nutsedge(1). This substance was not detected in tomatoes and corn kernels grown in this soil. The concentrations of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine in the agricultural crops Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Brasica rapa, Lolium perenne, and Triticum aestivum grown in contaminated soil were 1.915 mg/pot, 1.807 mg/pot, 4.69 mg/pot, 7.199 mg/pot, and 4.383 mg/pot at soil concentrations of 100.9 mg/pot, 85.0 mg/pot, 90.5 mg/pot, 88.7 mg/pot, and 88.9 mg/pot, respectively(2). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine has been detected, but not quantified, in the blade tissue of rye grass grown in soil contaminated with 0.10 mM of this explosive(3).

See Ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Confusion. Drowsiness. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine has been identified in munition wastes from several army ammunition plants at concentrations of 289 ug/L in wastewater from a load and pack operation following activated carbon treatment, 1652 ug/L in water from an old lagoon once used for disposal of load and pack wastewater prior to use of the carbon treatment process, and below the detection limit (26 ug/L) in groundwater from a contaminated water supply, sample dates were not provided(1); concentrations in wastewater from a melt and pour operation for artillery shell loading were 4600 ug/L before any carbon columns, 606 ug/L after one carbon column, and below the detection limit after two carbon columns(1). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine was detected at concentrations ranging from not detected to 4.4 mg/L in grab samples from the Arnott Branch of the Holston River downstream from the Holston Army Ammunition Plant sampled in Jan-June 1973; cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine was detected at concentrations of not detected to 7.5 mg/L in process waste from this facility(2). In another study, concentrations of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine in Holston River waste stream samples ranged from 0.6-2.7 ppm(3).

Studies were conducted for pollutants (TNT, RDX, TAX, HMX, and SEX) from Holston AAP industial liquid waste treatment facility.

Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)

Hepatic

5 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: September 29, 2006; Reporting date: November 28, 2006.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro- is included on this list. Effective date: September 29, 2006; Sunset date: November 28, 2006.

HMX

A Commercial Grade

5,000

A Commercial Grade

400

Explosive chemical that can be released at a facility.