Diacetoxyscirpenol

0.021 [mg/m3]

0.23 [mg/m3]

1.4 [mg/m3]

Skin and body protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, the type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Eye protection: Face shield, and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Hand protection: Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

There are no known antidotes to trichothecene mycotoxins. Treatments are directed at supporting hemopoietic abnormalities, gastrointestinal damage, and skin damage. Administer charcoal as a slurry in case of acute oral exposure. In case of inhalation: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. In case of dermal exposure, Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. (A704)

The possible protective effect of a feed additive (Mycofix) against the toxic effects of 4,15-diacetoxiscirpenol (DAS) in growing broiler chickens was investigated in a 21-d fully randomized trial consisting of seven dietary treatments (control with no DAS or Mycofix added, 1 ppm DAS alone, 1 ppm DAS supplemented with 0.75 g/kg Mycofix, 1 ppm DAS supplemented with 1.5 g/kg Mycofix, 2 ppm DAS alone, 2 ppm DAS supplemented with 0.75 g/kg Mycofix, and 2 ppm DAS supplemented with 1.5 g/kg Mycofix). When no feed additive was included, both levels of dietary DAS significantly decreased BW and feed intake and caused oral lesions, with the effect of 2 ppm DAS being more severe. When 1 ppm DAS was added to the diet, supplementation of Mycofix protected against the adverse effects of DAS on feed intake and BW at both levels of inclusion (0.75 and 1.5 g/kg); however, no protection against oral lesions was obtained by Mycofix supplementation. This finding suggests that the adverse effect of DAS on performance is not due to the oral lesions per se but it is likely the result of the systemic absorption of the mycotoxin. When 2 ppm dietary DAS was present in the diet, only partial protection on BW and feed intake was obtained by Mycofix supplementation.

Combinations of /nivalenol/ (NIV) with T2 /toxin/, /diacetoxyscirpenol/ (DAS) or /deoxynivalenol/ (DON) resulted in additive toxicity in the lymphocyte proliferation test, while combinations of DON with T2 or DAS resulted in an inhibition that was slightly lower than what could have been expected from the inhibition produced by the individual toxins. In conclusion, the tested trichothecenes inhibited both proliferation and Ig production in human lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner with limited variation in sensitivity between individuals. Enhanced Ig production was observed in cell cultures exposed to the lower doses of the toxins. Combined exposure to two of the toxins resulted mainly in additive or antagonistic effects, although synergistic effects cannot be excluded and should be further investigated.

The individual and combined effects of feeding diets containing 300 mg fumonisin B1 (FB1), and 4 mg diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) or 3 mg ochratoxin A (OA) were evaluated in two experiments using female turkey poults (Nicholas Large Whites) from day of hatch to 3 wk of age. When compared with controls, body weight gains were reduced 30% (Study 1) and 24% (Study 2) by FB1, 30% by DAS, 8% by OA, 46% by the FB1 and DAS combination, and 37% by the FB1 and OA combination. The efficiency of feed utilization was adversely affected by all treatments except FB1 in Experiment 2. Relative weights of the liver were significantly increased by all treatments except the DAS treatment. Serum concentrations of cholesterol were decreased and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased and several hematological values were altered in poults fed FB1 alone and in combination with either DAS or OA. Results indicate additive or less than additive toxicity, but not toxic synergy, when poults are fed diets containing 300 mg FB1, and 4 mg DAS or 3 mg OA/kg of diet.

Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. (L1948, L1949, A2964)

LC50; Species: Artemia salina (Brine Shrimp) larvae; Conditions: saltwater, static, 35 °C; Concentration: 150 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Artemia salina (Brine Shrimp) larvae; Conditions: saltwater, static, 30 °C; Concentration: 80 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc range of 400 to 2900(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2) with consideration of the effect of multiple functional groups on magnitude(SRC), indicates that diacetoxyscirpenol is expected to have moderate to slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of diacetoxyscirpenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.8X10-17 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Diacetoxyscirpenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.8X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2013).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc range of 400 to 2900(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that diacetoxyscirpenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.8X10-17 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(3), an estimated BCF of 4(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.40(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Diacetoxyscirpenol has functional groups susceptible to aqueous hydrolysis(4); however, estimated half-lives of 5 years at pH 7 and 188 days at pH 8(SRC), estimated using a structure estimation method(2), indicate hydrolysis is a slow environmental; fate process. Olefins and cyclic olefins degrade in natural waters exposed to sunlight through reaction with radicals formed via photooxidation(5); half-lives for reaction with hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen are on the order of 8 to 40 days(5); therefore, photooxidation of diacetoxyscirpenol may be an important fate process in natural waters(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2013).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diacetoxyscirpenol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 3.8X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase diacetoxyscirpenol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Unlike many other mycotoxins, trichothecenes do not require metabolic activation to exert their biological activity, instead directly reacting with cellular components. Trichothecenes are cytotoxic to most eukaryotic cells due to their powerful ability to inhibit protein synthesis. They do this by freely moving across the plasma membrane and binding specifically to ribosomes with high-affinity. Specifically, they interfere with the active site of peptidyl transferase at the 3'-end of large 28S ribosomal RNA and inhibit the initiation, elongation or termination step of protein synthesis, as well as cause polyribosomal disaggregation. Protein synthesis is an essential function in all tissues, but tissues where cells are actively and rapidly growing and dividing are very susceptible to the toxins. Additionally, binding to ribosomes is thought to activate proteins in downstream signalling events related to immune response and apoptosis, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases. This is known as ribotoxic stress response. Trichothecenes may also induce some alterations in membrane structure, leading to increased lipid peroxidation and inhibition of electron transport activity in the mitochondria. They can further induce apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species. Further secondary effects of trichothecenes include inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, and also inhibition of mitosis. (L1948, L1949, A2962, A2963, A2964, A2980)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a screening test seven Fusarium strains out of 17 proved to be toxic towards brine shrimp. Among these, four F. sambucinum strains as well as three F. venenatum isolates caused toxic effects. The chemical screening by TLC analysis revealed the presence of sambucinol and diacetoxyscirpenol in the extracts of the toxic isolates of F. venenatum.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The toxicity of sixteen fungal metabolites produced by some entomopathogenic fungi or biological control fungi agents was evaluated on lepidopteran Spodoptera frugiperda (SF-9) cell line by Trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT-colorimetric assay, after 48 hr of incubation. No statistical difference was found between IC50 values (50% Inhibiting Concentration) and CC50 values (50% Cytotoxicity Concentration) obtained by MTT test and Trypan blue dye exclusion for each fungal metabolite. By MTT assay, the cytotoxicity ranking was fusarenon X (IC50 0.3 uM) = diacetoxyscirpenol (IC50 0.5 uM) = beauvericin (IC50 2.5 uM) = nivalenol (IC50 5.3 uM) = enniatin (IC50 6.6 uM) > or = gliotoxin (IC50 7.5 uM) > zearalenone (IC50 17.5 uM) > deoxynivalenol (IC50 47.6 uM). By Trypan blue dye exclusion the cytotoxicity ranking was fusarenon X (CC50 0.4 uM) = diacetoxyscirpenol (CC50 1.1 uM) beauvericin = (CC50 3.0 uM)=gliotoxin (CC50 4.0 uM) = enniatin (CC50 6.7 uM) > or = nivalenol (CC50 9.5 uM) > zearalenone (CC50 18.3 uM) > deoxynivalenol (CC50 45.0 uM). The comparison with other bioassays showed that the SF-9 insect cell line could represent a further tool to screen for the toxic effects of fungal metabolites especially for beauvericin, gliotoxin, and zearalenone.

/PLANTS/ Non-volatile sesquiterpenoids, a trichothecene family of phytotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin, contain numerous molecular species and are synthesized by phytopathogenic Fusarium species. Although trichothecene chemotypes might play a role in the virulence of individual Fusarium strains, the phytotoxic action of individual trichothecenes has not been systematically studied. To perform a comparative analysis of the phytotoxic action of representative trichothecenes, the growth and morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana growing on media containing these compounds was investigated. Both DON and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) preferentially inhibited root elongation. DON-treated roots were less organized compared with control roots. Moreover, preferential inhibition of root growth by DON was also observed in wheat plants. In addition, T-2 toxin-treated seedlings exhibited dwarfism with aberrant morphological changes (e.g. petiole shortening, curled dark-green leaves, and reduced cell size). These results imply that the phytotoxic action of trichothecenes differed among their molecular species. Cycloheximide (CHX)-treated seedlings displayed neither feature, although it is known that trichothecenes inhibit translation in eukaryotic ribosomes. Microarray analyses suggested that T-2 toxin caused a defence response, the inactivation of brassinosteroid (BR), and the generation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis. This observation is in agreement with our previous reports in which trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin have an elicitor-like activity when infiltrated into the leaves of Arabidopsis. Since it has been reported that BR plays an important role in a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice, inactivation of BR might affect pathogenicity during the infection of host plants by trichothecene-producing fungi.

After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock. (L1948, L1949)

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of diacetoxyscirpenol can be estimated to range from about 400 to 2900 when the variable effects of multiple functional groups are considered(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), the estimated Koc values suggest that diacetoxyscirpenol is expected to have moderate to slight mobility in soil.

Fungi from the genus Fusarium, growing on barley, corn, oats, rye, or wheat, produce dozens of derivatives of tetracyclic sesquiterpenes called trichothecenes. The best known of these mycotoxins are nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 Toxin(1). /Trichothecenes/

.../Trichothecene/ compounds are produced primarily by molds belonging to the genus Fusarium, though other genera, including Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys, are also known to produce metabolites now characterized as trichothecenes. Only a few of the known trichothecenes have been found to contaminate food or animal feed including ... diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)... It has become apparent in the past few years that whenever a trichothecene-producing Fusarium species parasitizes a crop, food, or animal feed, it is highly probable that the metabolites of the trichothecene will be found as contaminants(1). /Trichothecenes/

There have been occasional reports of trichothecenes ... in agricultural products, in particular, /diacetoxyscirpenol/ ... Most of these reports involve corn. There is also an unconfirmed report of the finding of ... /diacetoxyscirpenol/ ... in banana fruit(1).

Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), also known as anguidine, is a scirpen-type sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolite of the parasitic plant fungus Fusarium sambucinum which causes vomiting when fungus-infected wheat and corn is ingested(1). Diacetoxyscirpenol can be found in soybeans damaged by molds in the field when abnormally warm and humid weather prevails and delays harvesting(2).

A mycotoxin of the group 12,13-epoxytrichothecene; [ChemIDplus] Reportedly used as biological/chemical warfare agent; [HSDB]

Unconfirmed and controversial findings suggest the use of trichothecenes /including diacetoxyscirpenol/ as biological warfare agents... . /Trichothecenes/

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was use in northern Thailand, Kampuchea /now called Cambodia/, and Laos as chemical warfare agents by Russian troops. /Trichothecenes/

Since these toxins also kill plants, there have been suggestions to use them as mycoherbicides against drug crops in production countries... . /Trichothecenes/

Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. They are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments and may contribute to health problems among building occupants. (L1948)