Nickel carbonate

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)

Aquatic Fate: Under aerobic conditions and pH below 9 ... nickel forms with ... carbonate ... /and is/ sufficiently soluble to maintain aqueous an Ni(2+) concn above 10-6 M (60 ug/l). Above pH 9, precipitation of the ... carbonate exhibits some control on nickel mobility.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)

... Nickel carbonate is insoluble in water. ... Respiratory absorption with secondary gastrointestinal absorption of nickel (insoluble compounds) is the major route of entry during occupational exposure. A significant quantity of inhaled material is swallowed following mucocillary clearance from the respiratory tract. Poor personal hygiene & work practices can contribute to gastrointestinal exposure. Percutaneous absorption is negligible, quanitatively, but is important in the pathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity. Absorption is related to the solubility of the compound /& nickel carbonate is classified as an insoluble salt/. Nickel carbonate ... induced local mesenchymal tumors in a variety of experimental animals after im, sc, ip, intrapleural, intraocular, intraosseous, intrarenal, intra-articular, intratesticular or intra-adipose administration.

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)

Cough.

Redness. Pain.

Redness.

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)

Human peripheral lymphocytes were incubated 4 hr with 50 uM nickel carbonate. Nickel carbonate formed paracrystalline particles apparently with albumin, histidine, and lysine of the culture medium; the particles were accumulated along the cell membranes of the lymphocytes (both outside and inside of the cells) especially in lymphocytes from subjects with nickel allergy. Lymphocytes from normal subjects formed more phagocytic pseudopodia than lymphocytes from the sensitized subjects.

NICKEL CARBONATE ... ADDED TO DIET OF YOUNG RATS AT 250, 500, & 1000 PPM FOR 8 WK, HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON GROWTH RATE. ... /WHEN/ FED TO MONKEYS (MACACA SINICUS) AT THE SAME DIETARY LEVELS FOR 24 WK ... NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN GROWTH, HEMATOLOGIC VARIABLES, OR BEHAVIOR /WERE OBSERVED/.

... DOGS & CATS FED UP TO 1000 PPM IN ... DIET AS ... NICKEL CARBONATE ON CHRONIC BASIS SHOWED NO DELETERIOUS EFFECTS.

... /NICKEL CARBONATE (7 MG)/ FORMED INTO PELLETS WITH SHEEP FAT /WAS IMPLANTED/ INTO MUSCLE (UNSPECIFIED) OF GROUPS OF 35 NIH BLACK RATS /BY 3 SURGICAL IMPLANTATIONS/. PELLETS OF SHEEP FAT ALONE WERE SIMILARILY IMPLANTED IN CONTROL GROUP OF 35 RATS. AFTER 18 MO ... 6/35 RATS IMPLANTED WITH NICKEL CARBONATE HAD DEVELOPED SARCOMAS AT SITE OF IMPLANTATION. /NO TUMORS OBSERVED IN CONTROL/ (PAYNE, 1964)

... When nickel carbonate was added to cattle diets, no toxicity was observed at 250 ppm nickel.

A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Nickel, as Ni, Insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS)/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate, and of the combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides encountered in the nickel refining industry. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel and nickel alloys. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel, nickel monoxides, nickel hydroxides and crystalline nickel sulfides. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel alloys, nickelocene, nickel carbonyl, nickel salts, nickel arsenides, nickel antimonide, nickel selenides and nickel telluride. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel trioxide, amorphous nickel sulfide and nickel titanate. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on nickel compounds as a group on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data, supported by the underlying concept that nickel compounds can generate nickel ions at critical sites in their target cells. Overall evaluation: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Nickel compounds/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Nickel carbonate is included on this list.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(DE) DELAWARE 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(FL) FLORIDA 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(WI) WISCONSIN 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(AZ) ARIZONA 150 ug/L /Nickel/

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(ME) MAINE 140 ug/L /Nickel/

(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/L /Nickel/