스트렙토마이신

SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

Streptomycin is unstable to heat and does not accumulate in the soil. Therefore, disposal by incineration or burial should not result in harm to the environment. Recommendable methods: Incineration & landfill. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Peer review: Do not landfill in a recognizable form. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide streptomycin in or on food commodities as follows:[Table#3559]

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide streptomycin from treatment of seedling plants before transplanting in or on the following food commodities:[Table#3560]

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide streptomycin from treatment of seed pieces in or on the following food commodity:[Table#3561]

Time-limited tolerances are established for residues of streptomycin, in or on the agricultural commodities, as specified in the following table, resulting from use of the pesticide pursuant to FIFRA section 18 emergency exemptions. Compliance with the tolerance levels listed in the following table is to be determined by measuring the levels of streptomycin only, in or on the commodities listed in the table. The tolerances expire on the dates specified in the table.[Table#3562]

Tolerances are established for residues of streptomycin in uncooked, edible tissues of chickens, swine, and calves of 2.0 parts per million (ppm) in kidney and 0.5 ppm in other tissues.

The effect of calcium 4'-phosphopantothenate (CPP) on acute toxicity of streptomycin and the decr by the antibiotic of the muscle working capacity, "holes" reflex, body temp and oxygen intake were studied on 258 albino mice weighing 22-26 g. Medical calcium pantothenate (CPA) was used for control purposes. CPP is an antagonist of streptomycin sulfate. In a dose of 1/10 or 1/5 of the LD50 injected ip CPP lowered acute toxicity of streptomycin and prevented its effect in a dose of 0.11-1.1 g/kg injected sc on the muscle working capacity, "holes" reflex and body temp. CPA lowered the streptomycin effect on the "holes" reflex and body temp, while CPP prevented it.

Concomitant and/or sequential use of an aminoglycoside and other systemic, oral, or topical drugs that have neurotoxic, ototoxic, or nephrotoxic effects (e.g., other aminoglycosides, acyclovir, amphotericin B, bacitracin, capreomycin, certain cephalosporins, colistin, cisplatin, methoxyflurane, polymyxin B, vancomycin) may result in additive toxicity and should be avoided, if possible. /Aminoglycosides/

Because of the possibility of an increased risk of ototoxicity due to additive effects or altered serum and tissue aminoglycoside concentrations, aminoglycosides should not be given concomitantly with potent diuretics such as ethacrynic acid, furosemide, urea, or mannitol. It has been suggested that concomitant use of certain anti-emetics that suppress nausea and vomiting of vestibular origin and vertigo (e.g., dimenhydrinate, meclizine) may mask symptoms of aminoglycoside-associated vestibular ototoxicity. /Aminoglycosides/

Concurrent use of an aminoglycoside with general anesthetics or neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., succinylcholine, rocuronium, tubocurarine) may potentiate neuromuscular blockade and cause respiratory paralysis. ... Aminoglycosides should be used with caution in patients receiving anesthetics or neuromuscular blocking agents, and patients should be closely observed for signs of respiratory depression. /Aminoglycosides/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Streptomycin (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intravenous and intramuscular therapy with streptomycin has been linked to mild and asymptomatic elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase, but therapy rarely affects aminotransferase levels or bilirubin and changes typically resolve rapidly once streptomycin is stopped. Only isolated case reports of acute liver injury with jaundice have been associated with streptomycin therapy and always in combination with other antituberculosis medications which are more clearly hepatotoxic, such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampin. Streptomycin and the aminoglycosides are not mentioned in large case series of drug induced liver disease and acute liver failure; thus, hepatic injury from streptomycin must be exceedingly rare, if it occurs at all.

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 10 days; food >5620 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 25 wk; oral via capsule >2000 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 14 days; food >4640 ppm for 8 days

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) 1st instar; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 650000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxicaiton, immobilization

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Streptomycin (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Streptomycin is very water soluble and adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged clay soils(1), indicating that streptomycin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) indicating it will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment. Cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). Volatilization of streptomycin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) as streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) and cations do not volatilize(SRC). Streptomycin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2017).

AQUATIC FATE: Streptomycin is very water soluble and adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged clay soils(1), indicating that streptomycin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(3), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -7.53(4) and a regression-derived equation(4), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2017).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), streptomycin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase streptomycin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Streptomycin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Hypersensitivity reactions are not uncommon with streptomycin use, often manifesting as a rash or mild fever. Other potential adverse effects include hypomagnesemia with long-term treatment, seizures, and encephalopathy in extreme cases. Streptomycin has loose associations with immuno-allergic hemolytic anemia. Additionally, streptomycin correlates with a myriad of more severe side effects related to its toxicity, which this article will discuss in more detail in the toxicity section.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Streptomycin is aminoglycoside anti-bacterial agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Streptomycin has been replaced by gentamicin for most indications because the toxicity of gentamicin is primarily renal and reversible, whereas that of streptomycin is vestibular and irreversible. The administration of streptomycin may produce dysfunction of the optic nerve, including scotomas, presenting as enlargement of the blind spot. Among the less common toxic reactions to streptomycin is peripheral neuritis. This may be due either to accidental injection of a nerve during the course of parenteral therapy or to toxicity involving nerves remote from the site of antibiotic administration. Serious sensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis and dermatologic reactions including exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported rarely in patients receiving aminoglycosides; fatalities have occurred rarely. Cross-sensitivity occurs among the aminoglycosides. ANIMAL STUDIES: Clinical signs of toxicity in mice included restlessness, respiratory depression, loss of balance, unconsciousness, motor paralysis and coma following all routes of administration. Coma was more often associated with subcutaneous dosing. After oral dosing, restlessness and excessive thirst were observed, possibly due to an osmotic effect. Intravenous and subcutaneous administration of 30 to 70 mg/kg bw streptomycin to monkeys caused marked respiratory depression which sometimes necessitated artificial respiration. Intravenous injection of streptomycin at doses of 100 to 200 mg/lb bw (220-440 mg/kg bw) in dogs caused an irreversible depression of blood pressure. Respiration was stimulated by low but paralyzed by high (165 mg/kg bw) intravenous doses. A daily dose of streptomycin of 25-75 mg/lb bw/day (55-165 mg/kg bw/day) to cats caused progressive changes in posture and gait over about 20 days, including ataxia (of the hind legs first then fore-legs), and a progressive rotational nystagmus. Withdrawal of the drug resulted in a slow but complete recovery of vestibular function. Streptomycin was administered subcutaneously to 14 pregnant mice at 400 ug/kg bw/day on days 9, 10, and 11 of pregnancy. Twenty-eight mice used as controls were injected with water. The number of implants was reduced in treated mice (179 vs 351 in controls). Early deaths were higher in controls (3.9% in the streptomycin group vs 5.1% in controls).

Monitoring for streptomycin toxicity is especially important in the young and patients with renal impairment, as streptomycin occurs via glomerular filtration. Renal impairment can prolong the drug's half-life by 50 to 100 hours. Ototoxicity and vestibular impairment are often thought to be the hallmark of streptomycin toxicity. In extreme cases, deafness may occur due to ototoxicity; thus, caution must be exercised when combining streptomycin with other potentially ototoxic drugs. Vestibular impairment usually manifests during the course of treatment and is typically permanent. Streptomycin is also a potentially nephrotoxic agent. This will manifest as mild proteinuria, excess cellular excretion, and mild elevations in blood urea. Unlike ototoxic effects, nephrotoxicity is usually only transient. There are also reports of neuromuscular blockade with streptomycin use in association with installation into body cavities, use during anesthesia involving the use of neuromuscular blocking agents, and overdose in children. Neurotoxic effects can lead to optic nerve dysfunction, peripheral neuritis, and encephalopathy. Intrathecal use, while rarely used, has been associated with arachnoiditis. In the event of drug toxicity, dialysis can lower serum streptomycin concentration.

An audiogram should be made when the job is expected to involve contact with streptomycin... Immunological investigations can be carried out by direct skin tests with suitable prepn /for epicutaneous test, 30% in liq paraffin and in vaseline 1:1; for intradermal test, 0.5% physiological soln/. Patch and intradermal tests are used to study skin reactivity; readings are made 20-30 min and 24-48 hr after application.

Streptomycin is very water soluble and adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged clay soils. The compound, present at 6.6 ug/g, was not detected following incubation in a typical agricultural soil incorporated with chicken feces for 30 days at 30 °C, 20 °C and 4 °C. The soil a sandy loam from Adelphia NJ (sandy loam, pH 6.0, 16.3% clay, 60.0% sand, 23.7% silt) had no history of agricultural usage. Loss was atributed to complete adsorption by the clay fraction(1). This indicates that streptomycin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) indicating it will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment. Cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The administration of streptomycin may produce dysfunction of the optic nerve, including scotomas, presenting as enlargement of the blind spot. Among the less common toxic reactions to streptomycin is peripheral neuritis. This may be due either to accidental injection of a nerve during the course of parenteral therapy or to toxicity involving nerves remote from the site of antibiotic administration.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Streptomycin has been replaced by gentamicin for most indications because the toxicity of gentamicin is primarily renal and reversible, whereas that of streptomycin is vestibular and irreversible.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Serious sensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis and dermatologic reactions including exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported rarely in patients receiving aminoglycosides; fatalities have occurred rarely. Cross-sensitivity occurs among the aminoglycosides. /Aminoglycosides/

/CASE REPORTS/ Several cases have been reported, in which a rather large dose of streptomycin given intraperitoneally at operation has produced respiratory paralysis. In these cases the treatment has usually consisted of respirator ventilation and administration of atropine and neostigmine. In animal experiments, in which a cessation of breathing has been produced, calcium salts have produced quick recovery. The authors present a case, in which appendicetomy was performed on a 10-year-old girl for a perforated appendix at the end of which, an overdose of intraperitoneal streptomycin was given, followed 10 minutes later by complete cessation of breathing. The patient had to be intubated again and put into a respirator. Neostigmine and atropine were used without noticeable effect. One and a half hours after the breathing had stopped 0.6 g calcium chloride was given intravenously and the girl recovered immediately and completely.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Streptomycin (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Streptomycin was tested for but not detected in Australian farmed yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and mulloway (Argyrosomus hololepidotus), farmed in Arno Bay and Whyalla, Spencer Gulf, South Australia; detection limit = 0.1 mg/kg(1). Of the fish samples exceeding the European Union safety standards, streptomycin was present in less than 1% of fish violation samples reported by the European Union 2001-2008(2).

Streptomycin's production and administration as a veterinary and human medication(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in the US as an agricultural bactericide/fungicide(2,3) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Past usage in the US was mainly for terrestrial food crop use(3,4) and non-food crops such as ornamentals(3).

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including streptomycin sulfate, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. /Streptomycin sulfate/

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Streptomycin is included on this list.

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Streptomycin sulfate is included on this list. /Streptomycin sulfate/

Tolerances are established for residues of streptomycin in uncooked, edible tissues of chickens, swine, and calves of 2.0 parts per million (ppm) in kidney and 0.5 ppm in other tissues.

Oral dosage form new animal drugs. Streptomycin. ... Conditions of use. Use in drinking water as follows: (1) Calves ... Indications for use. For the treatment of bacterial enteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. susceptible to streptomycin. Limitations. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. (2) Swine ... Indications for use. For the treatment of bacterial enteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. susceptible to streptomycin. Limitations. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. (3) Chickens ... Indications for use. For the treatment of nonspecific infectious enteritis caused by organisms susceptible to streptomycin. Limitations. Withdraw 4 days before slaughter. Do not administer to chickens producing eggs for human consumption. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide streptomycin in or on food commodities as follows:[Table#3563]

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide streptomycin from treatment of seedling plants before transplanting in or on the following food commodities:[Table#3564]

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide streptomycin from treatment of seed pieces in or on the following food commodity:[Table#3565]

Time-limited tolerances are established for residues of streptomycin, in or on the agricultural commodities, as specified in the following table, resulting from use of the pesticide pursuant to FIFRA section 18 emergency exemptions. Compliance with the tolerance levels listed in the following table is to be determined by measuring the levels of streptomycin only, in or on the commodities listed in the table. The tolerances expire on the dates specified in the table.[Table#3566]

For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for Streptomycin (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Anti-Bacterial Agents; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

For streptomycin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 6306) 0 active label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

For streptomycin sulfate (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 006310) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./ /Streptomycin sulfate/

Antibiotic/bactericide, fungicide, seed treatment/protectant.

For more Uses (Complete) data for Streptomycin (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Use (kg; approx.) in Germany (2009): >25

Parenteral: For injection: 1 g (of streptomycin) Generic Name: Streptomycin Sulfate for Injection

Streptomycin is usually available as the trihydrochloride, trihydrochloride-calcium chloride double salt, phosphate, or sesquisulfate, which occur as granules or powder.

Marketed as the sulfate or nitrate under the trade names Agri-Mycin 17 and Phytomycin. It is formulated as a dry, wettable powder (sulfate) and liquid (nitrate).

Premix Partners: Copper oxychloride; oxytetracycline.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Streptomycin (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Veterinary Drug -> ANTIMICROBIAL_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Veterinary substances, Bactericides, Fungicides

Pharmaceuticals -> Animal Drugs -> Approved in Taiwan