아스피린

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

Chewable aspirin tablets containing 81 mg of the drug should be stored in child-resistant containers holding not more than 36 tablets each in order to limit the potential toxicity associated with accidental ingestion in children. Aspirin suppositories should be stored at 2-15 °C.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Prolonged concurrent use of acetaminophen with a salicylate is not recommended because chronic, high-dose administration of the combined analgesics (1.35 g daily, or cumulative ingestion of 1 kg annually, for 3 years or longer) significantly increases the risk of analgesic nephropathy, renal papillary necrosis, end-stage renal disease, and cancer of the kidney or urinary bladder; also, recommended that for short-term use the combined dose of acetaminophen plus a salicylate not exceed that recommended for acetaminophen or a salicylate given individually. /Salicylates/

The possibility should be considered that additive or multiple effects leading to impaired blood clotting and/or increased risk of bleeding may occur if a salicylate, especially aspirin, is used concurrently with any medication having a significant potential for causing hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, or gastrointestinal ulceration or hemorrhage.

Aspirin may decrease the bioavailability of many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including diflunisal, fenoprofen, indomethacin, meclofenamate, piroxicam (up to 80% of the usual plasma concentration), and the active sulfide metabolite of sulindac; aspirin has also been shown to decrease the protein binding and increase the plasma clearance of ketoprofen, and to decrease the formation and excretion of ketoprofen conjugates. Concurrent use of other NSAIDs with aspirin may also increase the risk of bleeding at sites other than the gastrointestinal tract because of additive inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Concurrent use of these medications /alcohol or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)/ with a salicylate may increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, including ulceration and gastrointestinal blood loss; also, concurrent use of a salicylate with an NSAID may increase the risk of severe gastrointestinal side effects without providing additional symptomatic relief and is therefore not recommended. /Salicylate/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Might increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding; large doses of salicylate, a metabolite of aspirin, have been proposed to cause tinnitus; Reye's syndrome, a severe illness characterized by acute encephalopathy and fatty liver, can occur when children or adolescents are given aspirin for a fever or other illnesses or infections. [Wikipedia]

Patients on long term, moderate-to-high dose aspirin therapy frequently have elevations in serum ALT levels. With high doses, ALT elevations are common and can be marked and associated with mild increases in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. The more dramatic examples of aspirin hepatotoxicity usually occur with doses of 1,800 to 3,200 mg daily (>100 mg/kg) and with salicylate levels of greater than 25 mg/dL, but mild-to-moderate ALT elevations occur with even lower doses and lower serum levels. These abnormalities resolve rapidly with discontinuation of aspirin, but instances of resolution despite continuation of aspirin in the same or lower doses (adaptation) have also been described. The hepatotoxicity of aspirin is usually mild and asymptomatic, although with higher doses symptoms of nausea, anorexia and abdominal pain and even encephalopathy with signs of hepatic dysfunction (hyperammonemia and coagulopathy) can occur. Bilirubin elevations are usually mild or absent. Mild eosinophilia may accompany the enzyme elevations, but rash, fever and other allergic manifestations are rare. Liver biopsy histology generally shows minimal injury despite the height of the enzyme elevations; electron microscopy may reveal fat and mitochondrial abnormalities. Aspirin can often be continued in lower doses safely.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C, pH 7.6; Concentration: 8.15 mM for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Daphnia pulex (Water flea, <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6; Concentration: 2.00 mM for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Artemia salina (Brine shrimp, age 2-3 instar larva); Conditions: saltwater, static, salinity 35 ppt; Concentration: 2120 umol/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Streptocephalus proboscideus (Fairy shrimp, age 2-3 instar larva); Conditions: saltwater, static, 25 °C, salinity 15 ppt; Concentration: 988 umol/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.19(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acetylsalicylic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of acetylsalicylic acid is 3.49(4), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb as strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of acetylsalicylic acid from moist soil surfaces will not be an important fate process(SRC) since anions do not volatilize. Acetylsalicylic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.5X10-5 mm Hg(6). No biodegradation studies were located for acetylsalicylic acid in soil(SRC, 2008); however, acetylsalicylic acid was classified as readily biodegradable in screening tests(7,8). An aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 6.3 days at pH 7.4 and 17 °C(9), suggests hydrolysis may occur in moist soils(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.19(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acetylsalicylic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 3.49(4) indicates acetylsalicylic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A hydrolysis half-life of 6.3 days at pH 7.4 and 17 °C was calculated for acetylsalicylic acid(7). No biodegradation studies were located for acetylsalicylic acid in water(SRC, 2008); however, acetylsalicylic acid was classified as readily biodegradable in screening tests(8,9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetylsalicylic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 2.5X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetylsalicylic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase acetylsalicylic acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Acetylsalicylic acid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Absorption is generally rapid and complete following oral administration but may vary according to specific salicylate used, dosage form, and other factors such as tablet dissolution rate and gastric or intraluminal pH.

EXPERIMENTAL: Acetylsalicylic acid and the acetylsalicylate ion were detected in the breast milk of nursing mothers within 1 hour of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) ingestion(1).

Peak salicylate concentrations of 173 to 483 ug/mL have been measured in /breast milk/ 5 to 8 hours after maternal ingestion of a single 650 mg dose /of aspirin/.

IDENTIFICATION: Acetylsalicylic acid is colorless or white crystals or white crystalline powder or granules; odorless or almost odorless with a slight acid taste. It is soluble in water. Indications: It is used as an analgesic for the treatment of mild to moderate pain, as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of soft tissue and joint inflammation, and as an antipyretic drug. In low doses salicylate is used for the prevention of thrombosis. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The toxic effects of salicylate are complex. The following appear to be the principal primary effects of salicylate in overdose: Stimulation of the respiratory center; inhibition of citric acid cycle (carbohydrate metabolism); stimulation of lipid metabolism; inhibition of amino acid metabolism; and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, water and electrolyte loss occur as the principal secondary consequences of salicylate intoxication. Central nervous system toxicity (including tinnitus, hearing-loss, convulsions and coma), hypoprothrombinemia and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema may also occur, though for some the mechanism remains uncertain. Target organs: The target organs are: all tissues (whose cellular metabolism is affected), but in particular the liver, kidneys, lungs and the VIIIth cranial nerve. Summary of clinical effects: the following are symptoms of intoxication: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, gastrointestinal bleeding (typically with chronic and rarely with acute intoxication); tachypnea and hyperpnea; tinnitus, deafness, sweating, vasodilatation, hyperpyrexia (rare), dehydration; irritability, tremor, blurring of vision, subconjunctival haemorrhages. The following are the effects on blood glucose: hyper- or hypoglycemia; effects on blood: hypoprothrombinemia; effects on liver: increased serum aminotransferase activities (SGOT and SGPT). Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema; confusion, delirium, stupor, asterixis, coma, cerebral edema (with severe intoxication only); acute renal failure; cardio-respiratory arrest (with severe intoxication only). Absorption by route of exposure: After oral administration, 80 - 100% will be absorbed in the stomach and in the small intestine. However, bioavailability is lower because partial hydrolysis occurs during absorption and there is a "first-pass" effect in the liver. The non-protein bound fraction of salicylate increases with the total plasma concentration, and the binding capacity of albumin is partially saturated at therapeutic concentrations of salicylate. The greater proportion of unbound drug found at high concentrations will mean that greater toxicity will result than would be expected from the total salicylate concentration. Absorption after rectal administration is slow and unpredictable. Timed-release preparations are therapeutically of limited value because of the prolonged half-life of elimination of salicylate. Contraindications: Acetylsalicylic acid is contraindicated for the following: Absorption of enteric-coated tablets is sometimes incomplete. Active peptic ulcer, febrile/post-febrile illness in children, hemostatic disorders, including anticoagulant and thrombolytic treatment, hypoproteinemia; hypersensitivity; and asthma induced by acetylsalicylic acid or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Caution is indicated in patients with: a history of peptic ulceration or gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, hepatic or renal insufficiency, asthma, children < 2 years, especially in those who are dehydrated Routes of entry: The route of entry is oral. Distribution by route of exposure: Salicylic acid is a weak acid; following oral administration, almost all salicylate is found in the unionized form in the stomach. About 50 - 80% of salicylate in the blood is bound by protein while the rest remain in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent. Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity. Metabolism: approximately 80% of small doses of salicylic acid is metabolised in the liver. Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid and with glucuronic acid forms salicyl acyl and phenolic glucuronide. These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentisic acid. With large salicylate doses the kinetics switch from first order to zero order. Elimination by route of exposure: salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidney as salicyluric acid, free salicylic acid, salicylic phenol and acyl glucuronides, and gentisic acid.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The impact of acetyl salicylic add (ASA) on reproductive performance during periods of heat stress was studied in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). During a season when daily high temperatures averaged between 34 and 40 degrees C, four treatments each containing four replicates of five males and five females were given 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 g/L ASA in drinking water from 34 to 45 wk of age. At 39 wk of age control quail were lighter than quail fed ASA. Quail receiving 1.5 g/L ASA exhibited increased fertility, hatchability, and egg production and decreased late dead and total embryonic mortality. Early dead embryos, pips, chick weight, and egg weight were not different among treatments. The lumen of uterovaginal junction sperm host glands (UVJSHG) from control quail was apparently devoid of spermatozoa, whereas quail receiving 1.5 g/L ASA had the greatest apparent accumulation of spermatozoa. Control caudal infundibulum host glands (CPOI) were devoid of spermatozoa in contrast with CPOI from quail receiving ASA. Results show that UVJSHG lumens from quail receiving 1.5 g/L ASA had larger inside diameters than other treatment groups. However, the CPOI inside diameter and the outside diameters of both UVJSHG and CPOI were not affected by ASA. Adding 1.5 g/L ASA to the drinking water of quail under heat stress improved body weight, fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality, egg production, egg specific gravity, and sperm storage capacity.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Metabolic products are often more toxic than their pharmacological parent compounds. Therefore, the acute and chronic effects of the main metabolites--salicylic acid (SAL), gentisic acid (GEN), and o-hydroxyhippuric acid (HDP)--of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active ingredient in Aspirin and many other pharmaceuticals, were assessed using standard (Daphnia magna) and autochthonous (Daphnia longispina) cladocerans. The sequence of decreasing levels of acute and chronic toxicity of ASA metabolites to daphnids was GEN > SAL > HDP. HDP did not present acute toxicity, but chronic exposures enabled the production of abnormal neonates and, in particular, egg abortion. Thus, reproduction was the end point most susceptible to HDP. On the other hand, SAL and GEN induced changes in the normal patterns of reproduction and growth of both species. In general, D. longispina was more sensitive than was D. magna, although the population growth of the autochthonous species was superior under SAL exposures than that of the standard test species. Although the concentrations that were determined to have a toxic effect were above the levels detected in aquatic environmental samples, exposure to low levels of pharmacologically active substances for a duration longer than the test period may induce changes in nontarget organisms.

/PLANTS/ PHYTOTOXICITY: CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS & ALTERATIONS IN ROOT CELLS OF BROAD BEAN PLANTS TREATED WITH ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (1.0 GRAIN).

Used in manufacturing and health care; [ACGIH TLVs and BEIs]

Therapeutic Category: Analgesic; antipyretic; anti-inflammatory; antithrombotic.

Therapeutic Category (Vet): Analgesic; antipyretic; anti-inflammatory; antithrombotic.

MEDICATION

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Virtually all aspirin is used in pharmaceutical products in aspirin tablets or in concert with other ingredients (1981)

For more Uses (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4-hydroxybenzoic acid; 4-hydroxybenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (4-hydroxyisophthalic acid); salicylic acid; 2-[[2-(acetyloxy)benzoyl]oxy]benzoic acid (acetylsalicylsalicylic acid); 2-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid (salicylsalicylic acid); 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic anhydride (acetylsalicylic anhydride)

(1972) 8.74X10+8 GRAMS (BULK)

(1975) 1.06X10+8 GRAMS

(1984) 1.26X10+9 g (bulk)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Aspirin exports were 1.3 million lb /in 1989/.

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1972) 2.04X10+8 GRAMS

(1975) 1.42X10+8 GRAMS

(1984) 1.65x10+9 g

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Aspirin imports were 2.6 million lb last year /1989/.

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1972) 1.59X10+10 GRAMS

(1975) 1.16X10+10 GRAMS

(1984) 1.54X10+10 g

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1911]

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

54% AS AN ANALGESIC IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER ACTIVE OR INERT INGREDIENTS; 46% AS AN ANALGESIC IN SINGLE INGREDIENT ASPIRIN TABLETS (1973)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Aspirin. Almost all aspirin manufactured in the US is used in aspirin tablets, pharmaceutical products or in conjunction with other ingredients for its analgesic and antipyretic properties. Approx 10% of US production is exported in bulk.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Aspirin. Demand: 1986: 29.5 million lb; 1987: 30.0 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 31.8 million lb.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Aspirin. Almost all aspirin manufactured in the US is used in aspirin tablets, pharmaceutical products or in conjunction with other ingredients for its analgesic and antipyretic properties. Approximately 5% of US production is exported in bulk.

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acetylsalicylic acid is prepared by reacting acetic anhydride with salicylic acid at a temperature of <90 °C either in a solvent (e.g., acetic acid or aromatic, acyclic, or chlorinated hydrocarbons) or by the addition of catalysts such as acids or tertiary amines.

Manufacture from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. ... Crystallization from acetone..

Benzoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-: ACTIVE

Acetylsalicylic acid otherwise known as aspirin, has been the most widely used over the counter drug.