벤플루랄린

Avoid freezing; store above 40 °F. Do not store near heat or open flame.

/EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES/ SHOULD NOT BE OR STORED /AT TEMP/ NEAR FLASH-POINT.

... SHOULD NOT BE FROZEN

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Ultraviolet-radiation: This liquid herbicide is reported to be susceptible to decomposition by UV radiation. ...

Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the EPA.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Restricted-Entry Interval for products with directions for use within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides (WPS): Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. Except for those people involved in the watering-in, do not enter or allow other people (or pets) to enter the treated area until dusts have settled and until the watering-in is complete and the surface is dry.

Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application.

Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BENFLURALIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

For granular formulations and for liquid and dry flowable formulations, all loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear: - long sleeved shirt and long pants, - socks plus shoes.

PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is: coveralls, shoes plus socks, and chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material.

Wear goggles or face shield when handling concn.

Coveralls, long-sleeved shirt, impermeable gloves when handling.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, female, age 3-4 months) oral >2000 mg/kg /Technical, 97.2%/

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus (Scud, mature) 1.1 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 0.6-1.9 mg/L), static bioassay without aeration, 15 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3 and alkalinity 30-35 mg/L

LC50 Carassius auratus (Goldfish, weight 1.0 g) 0.8 mg/L/96 hr (95% condfidence limit: 0.7-1.0 mg/L), static bioassay without aeration, 18 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L CaCO3 and alkalinity 30-35 mg/L

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, weight 0.9 g) <1.0 mg/L/96 hr; static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, hardness 40-50 mg/L as CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L, 18 °C

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENFLURALIN (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 9,840-11,660(2) indicate that benfluralin is expected to have no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benfluralin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure of 6.6X10-5 mm Hg(3) and water solubility of 0.1 mg/L(3); however, adsorption may attenuate this process(SRC). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure of this compound(3). Benfluralin is metabolized with a half-life of 20 to 86 days under aerobic soil conditions and 12 days in laboratory studies under anaerobic conditions(2). Benfluralin may also be susceptible to photolysis on soil surfaces based on a half-life of 12.5 days in which benfluralin was applied to the surface of a soil and irradiated with natural sunlight(2). A biodegradation half-live range of 20 to 86 days in soil(4) suggests that biodegradation is a slow process in terrestrial environments(SRC).

WHEN SOIL TREATED WITH BENEFIN WAS FLOODED WITH WATER, BENEFIN DECOMP RAPIDLY. ONLY 4.6% WAS DETECTABLE AFTER 16 DAYS. THE MAJOR DEGRADATION PRODUCTS WERE BENEFIN WITH ONE NITRO GROUP REDUCED; WITH BOTH NITRO GROUPS REDUCED; & WITH BOTH NITRO GROUPS REDUCED PLUS REMOVAL OF BOTH ALKYL GROUPS. FIVE OTHER METABOLITES WERE DETECTED. THESE CMPD ... CONSTITUTED LESS THAN 5% OF THE TOTAL RADIOACTIVITY. EXTRACTABLE POLAR PRODUCTS WERE OBSERVED & BELIEVED TO BE AROMATIC AMINE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS. UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS, BENEFIN DEGRADATION IN SOIL WAS SLOWER. /STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF DEGRADATION PRODUCTS GIVEN IN SOURCE/

BENEFIN DECOMP RAPIDLY IN SOIL UNDER DEFINED ANEROBIC CONDITIONS, WITH APPROX 5% DETECTABLE AFTER 16 DAYS. UNDER DEFINED AEROBIC CONDITIONS, 50% OF THE ORIGINALLY INCORPORATED BENEFIN WAS DETECTABLE AFTER 120 DAYS & ONLY 12.1% AFTER 352 DAYS. IDENTIFIABLE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS WERE THE DEALKYLATED, REDUCED & OXIDIZED DERIVATIVES OF BENEFIN & AN UNIDENTIFIED POLAR MIXT.

Duration of residual activity in soil is about 4-8 months.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for BENFLURALIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Benfluralin was analyzed for but not detected (detection limit = 0.050 ppm) on 6970 produce samples(1). Benfluralin was analyzed for but not detected in the 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 FDA Market Basket Survey of domestic and imported food items(2).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Ataxia, weakness, falling. Regurgitation also occurred in first 2 hr after treatment. The other signs occurred 2 to 14 days after treatment. Although no birds died, considerable wt losses had occurred by the end of the 14 day observation period. /Female mallards, acute oral/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Because there are no mortalities at the highest concentration tested (LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg, LC50 greater than 4360 ppm), benfluralin is considered to be practically non-toxic to birds on an acute and subacute basis. The likelihood of acute or subacute risk to non-endangered and endangered species of birds is low. Benfluralin caused reproductive effects in chronic avian studies. Avian reproductive toxicity was assessed in two studies that are presented in Table 11 below. The bobwhite quail endpoint cannot be assumed conservative, as effects were observed at the lowest dose tested of 96 ppm. Another quail study is needed to establish a No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC) for reproductive effects since a NOAEC was not established in this test. At the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (LOAEC) the reproductive toxicity study with the Northern Bobwhite Quail, showed developmental effects that included a decrease in the number of surviving hatchlings, decreased egg set, and decrease in 14-day hatchling survivor weight. At the LOAEC, of the reproductive toxicity study with the Mallard Duck showed an increase in the percentage of eggs that cracked. Chronic risks to birds are expected from both spray and granular formulations of benfluralin ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Available acute toxicity data on technical benfluralin indicate that it is very highly toxic to estuarine/marine invertebrates. The 96-hour flow-through study yielded an EC50 of 0.043 ppm a.i. and NOAEC of 16 ppb. No data are available to assess chronic toxicity endpoints for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Freshwater Species. The available acute toxicity data on benfluralin ... indicate that it is very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis, based on typical end-use product (TEP) LC50 values of less than 100 ppb ai in bluegill sunfish. Based on TEP data, benfluralin is moderately toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates on an acute basis with a daphnid LC50 of 2.18 ppm active ingredient. This study is for a formulated product ... Chronic data for freshwater fish show that growth and development was the most sensitive endpoint for benfluralin. Test results indicate that benfluralin may affect fish length and survival at concentrations greater than 1.9 ppb.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENFLURALIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Benefin

Hematologic

3 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

Soil adsorption (Kd) coefficients for benfluralin in 10 Wisconsin soils ranged from 4.2-30.3, with a mean value of 16.7 (1). Other investigators have reported Koc values of 10,700(2), 10,715(4), and 9,000(3). Benfluralin was much more highly adsorbed to soil than other dinitroaniline herbicides(5). In soil thin layer chromatography experiments, the Rf (retention factor) range was 0-0.03 for benfluralin(6). Therefore, it was concluded that benfluralin was immobile in soil(6). In the EPA Registration Eligibility Decision document for benfluralin, it was reported that the Koc ranged from 9,840-11,660(7). According to a classification scheme(8), this range of Koc values indicates that benfluralin is expected to have no mobility in soil(SRC).

Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide N-butyl-N-ethyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2,6,-p-toluidine in or on the following food commodities: [Table#1223]

The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, residential, and ecological risk associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient benfluralin. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient benfluralin, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of benfluralin to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that benfluralin containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Benefin is found on List B. Case No: 2030; Pesticide type: Herbicide; Case Status: Pre-RED - OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the RED document. Active ingredient (AI): N-Butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 04/01/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: Supported - The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.