Betaxolol

2.4

2.81

Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Antihypertensive Agents; Adrenergic Beta-Antagonists; Antiglaucoma Agents; Antiarrhythmics

Pharmaceuticals

70-72 °C

70 - 72 °C

9.21

9.4

Warning

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Betaxolol therapy has been associated with a low rate of mild-to-moderate elevations of serum aminotransferase levels which are usually asymptomatic and transient and resolve even with continuation of therapy. There have been no well documented cases of clinically apparent, acute liver injury attributable to betaxolol. Thus, hepatotoxicity due to betaxolol must be very rare, if it occurs at all. Most commonly used beta-blockers have been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury, typically with onset within 2 to 12 weeks, a hepatocellular pattern of liver enzyme elevations, rapid recovery on withdrawal, and little evidence of hypersensitivity (rash, fever, eosinophilia) or autoantibody formation.

Betaxolol has both local and systemic adverse effects. The ocular adverse drug reactions include transient irritation (25% to 40%), burning, pruritus, punctate keratitis, and blurry vision. Compared to topical timolol (a nonselective β-blocker), betaxolol showed a higher incidence of ocular adverse effects. Compared to nonselective topical β-adrenergic receptor blockers, betaxolol is less likely to cause adverse effects on pulmonary function. However, betaxolol use still requires caution in patients with underlying pulmonary disease. Symptomatic pulmonary obstruction due to betaxolol has been reported in patients with underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A post-marketing study in the United States identified 56 spontaneous adverse effect reports, with 8 cases requiring hospitalization due to asthma exacerbation.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

betaxolol

DILI Negative

Oral

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

S01ED02

C - Cardiovascular system

S - Sensory organs

QS - Sensory organs

QC - Cardiovascular system

Betaxolol is a competitive, beta(1)-selective (cardioselective) adrenergic antagonist. Betaxolol is used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, glaucoma, and is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Activation of beta(1)-receptors (located mainly in the heart) by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Drugs such as betaxolol that block these receptors therefore have the reverse effect: they lower the heart rate and blood pressure and hence are used in conditions when the heart itself is deprived of oxygen. They are routinely prescribed in patients with ischemic heart disease. In addition, beta(1)-selective blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. Betaxolol is lipophilic and exhibits no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) or membrane stabilizing activity.

Betaxolol selectively blocks catecholamine stimulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle. This results in a reduction of heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and possibly reflex orthostatic hypotension. Betaxolol can also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles, causing bronchospasm.

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BETAXOLOL

Mechanisms of Action [MoA] - Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - beta-Adrenergic Blocker

Betaxolol is a beta-Adrenergic Blocker. The mechanism of action of betaxolol is as an Adrenergic beta-Antagonist.

BETAXOLOL

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-1 RECEPTORS.