| GHS 분류 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 46.1% (1429 of 3101) of reports.DangerH228 (11.6%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]P210, P240, P241, P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 3101 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.Not Classified |
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| 규제 정보 | Chemical: ManganeseHazard Traits - Environmental toxNeurotoxicityRespiratory ToxicityManganese is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Manganese are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 21-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15553Manganese: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
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| 기타 안전 정보 | IMAP assessments - Manganese: Human health tier II assessment |
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| 운송 라벨(DOT) | Flammable Solid |
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| 화재 위험 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. |
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| 화재 가능성 | MODERATE, IN FORM OF DUST OR POWDER, WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME. |
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| 건강 유해성 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn): |
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| 유해성 요약 | Manganese is a naturally occurring metal that is found in many types of rocks. Pure manganese is silver-colored, but does not occur naturally. It combines with other substances such as oxygen, sulfur, or chlorine. Manganese can also be combined with carbon to make organic manganese compounds. Common organic manganese compounds include pesticides, such as maneb or mancozeb, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), a fuel additive in some gasolines. Manganese is an essential trace element and is necessary for good health. Manganese can be found in several food items, including grains and cereals, and is found in high amounts in other foods, such as tea.Manganese is naturally occurring in the environment. Manganese is essential for normal physiologic functioning in humans and animals, and exposure to low levels of manganese in the diet is considered to be nutritionally essential in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure to high levels of manganese by inhalation in humans may result in central nervous system (CNS) effects. Visual reaction time, hand steadiness, and eye- hand coordination were affected in chronically-exposed workers. A syndrome named manganism may result from chronic exposure to higher levelsmanganism is characterized by feelings of weakness and lethargy, tremors, a mask-like face, and psychological disturbances. Respiratory effects have also been noted in workers chronically exposed to manganese bearing particles by inhalation.Manganese is an essential nutrient in the human diet. Daily needs are in the range of 1-10 mg per day. [ATSDR ToxProfiles] Heavy exposure to fume can cause acute pneumonitis. [Harber, p. 498] Loss of libido was described in patients with chronic manganese poisoning. [Nordberg, p. 996] Sperm analysis was normal in Danish welders. [PMID 9535501] Manganese can accumulate in the body over time to cause chronic neurological disease. [Sullivan, p. 933] Manganese is a hepatotoxic agent. [Zimmerman, p. 4] Rodier reported manganese dust concentrations of 100-900 mg/m3 in mines in the early 1950s. [ACGIH] Air levels in past decades were in the range of 1-20 mg Mn/m3 in ferroalloy production foundries, dry battery plants, and welding operations. In recent decades, air levels decreased to <1 mg Mn/m3 in similar workplaces. [IRRST: Synthesis of scientific knowledge on the health risks following occupational exposure to manganese] . . . we hypothesize that below the concentration of about 10 ug/m3, Mn in the body is dominated by dietary Mn, and additional inhaled Mn only causes negligible changes in Mn levels unless the inhaled amount is substantial. [Reference #2] In total, these and other studies suggest that there are adverse neurologic health effects from Mn exposures at or below the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value for Mn of 0.1 mg Mn/m3. [PMID 32472844] Occupational asthma in a welder confirmed by bronchoprovocation testing[Malo] (Note: In Haz-Map, occupational asthma is linked to Manganese but not to manganese compounds.) |
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| 반응성 그룹 | Metals, Less Reactive |
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| Reactivity Alerts | Pyrophoric |
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| OSHA Standards | Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 1 mg/cu mSTEL 3 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Manganese cmpd and fume (as Mn)/Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 5 mg/cu m. /Manganese cmpd (as Mn)/Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 5 mg/cu m. /Manganese fume (as Mn)/ |
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| Reactivity Profile | Manganese dust(finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. Powdered manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantlywith fluorine the reaction takes place with incandescence [Mellor 12:185, 344. 1946-47]. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with manganese with incandescence and a feeble explosion [Mellor 12:188. 1946-47]. Manganese or potassium ignites in nitrogen dioxide [Ann. Chim. et Phys.(2) 2:317]. Manganese burns with a brilliant flame when heated in sulfur dioxide vapor [Mellor 12:187. 1946-47]. Contact with conc. hydrogen peroxide causes violent decomposition and/or ignition. |
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| 대기 기준 | Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese is included on this list.... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list. |
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| 소화 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Use dry sand, special powder. |
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| 응급 조치 | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
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| 응급 처치 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn):(General first aid procedures) |
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| 안전 보관 | Separated from acids. Dry. |
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| 노출 관리 및 개인 보호 | TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].0.2 [mg/m3], as Mn (inhalable fraction), 0.02 mg/m3, as Mn (respirable fraction)[German Research Foundation (DFG)] |
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| 소화 절차 | Use dry chemical to extinguish. |
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| 보관 조건 | Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Manganese must be stored to avoid contact with water and steam since flammable hydrogen gas is produce. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates). Protect storage against physical damage. |
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| 정리 방법 | Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable. |
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| 비화재 누출 대응 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: |
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| 처리 방법 | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
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| 누출 처리 | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
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| Preventive Measures | SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.Prevention of manganese poisoning is primarily a question of suppression of toxic dusts & fumes. Good general ventilation of dust & fumes at source is essential. Airline respiratory protection equipment as well as independent respirators have to be used in specific situations to avoid excessive short-term exposures. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/High std of personal hygiene is essential, & personal cleanliness & adequate sanitary facilities, clothing & time must be provided so that compulsory showering after work, a change of clothes & a ban on eating at work place can be effected. Smoking at work should be prohibited as well. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. |
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| 독성학 정보 | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
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| 표적 장기 | Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)respiratory system, central nervous system, blood, kidneys |
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| 건강 영향 | Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. High levels of manganese may also cause damage to the reproductive system. (L228) |
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| 유해 작용 | Neurotoxin - Parkinsonism |
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| 노출 경로 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestionOral (L228)inhalation (L228) |
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| 독성 요약 | Manganese is a metal required for numerous biochemical processes and its functions arise secondarily from its inclusion within protein structures as a cofactor. This includes for immune function and for the biochemical regulation of energy consumption, growth potential, coagulation, and hemostatic function. Also, manganese is involved with mechanisms to remove byproducts of aberrant oxidative stress. Plants are the main source of manganese in the diet. Other sources include vitamins, health products, drinking water that might contain trace amounts, and breast milk and formula for infants. Manganese toxicity, called manganism, is rare but might occur from occupational, accidental, and iatrogenic exposures. The main toxicity includes extra-pyramidal side-effects that closely resemble symptoms of Parkinson syndrome. This i secondary to deposition in specific components of the basal ganglia and the alteration of dopaminergic neuronal enzyme activity. Other noteworthy effects include cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and increased mortality in infants. Examples of exposures for the development of manganism include from chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use in critically ill patients, the consumption of contaminated well-water, and exposure through welding, smelting, and mining. Manganese is readily absorbed through the intestinal tract, and absorption is variable based on the level of dietary intake, with biliary and pancreatic metabolism affecting excretion. However, these mechanisms are bypassed with IV administration, owing to the potentiality for manganism with IV preparations containing the essential metal.Manganese is a cellular toxicant that can impair transport systems, enzyme activities, and receptor functions. It primarily targets the central nervous system, particularily the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. It is believed that the manganese ion, Mn(II), enhances the autoxidation or turnover of various intracellular catecholamines, leading to increased production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and other cytotoxic metabolites, along with a depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to oxidative damage and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to dopamine, manganese is thought to interact with other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. Manganese overwhelms the manganese superoxide dismutase and produce oxidative damage. The neurotoxicity of Mn(II) has also been linked to its ability to substitute for Ca(II) under physiological conditions. It can enter mitochondria via the calcium uniporter and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It may also inhibit the efflux of Ca(II), which can result in a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Mn(II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial aconitase activity to a significant level, altering amino acid metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. (L228) |
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| Signs and Symptoms | Cough.Abdominal pain. Nausea.Manganismasthenia, insomnia, mental confusionmetal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, flu-like feverlow-back painvomitingmalaise (vague feeling of discomfort)lassitude (weakness, exhaustion)kidney damageManganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228) |
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| ICSC Environmental Data | This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms. |
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| EPA IRIS Information | ManganeseNervous1.4 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day5 x 10 ^-5 mg/m^3 |
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| Natural Pollution Sources | ON THE PACIFIC FLOOR ALONE, THERE IS AN ESTIMATED 400 BILLION METRIC TONS ... . |
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| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In its acute form, manganese poisoning has the effect, characteristic of other heavy metals if /dust or fume is/ inhaled in sufficient quantity, of producing "metal fume fever"./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The authors ... compared the clinical features of 15 career welders, who were ascertained through an academic movement disorders center and compared to two control groups with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). One control group was ascertained sequentially to compare the frequency of clinical features, and the second control group was sex- and age-matched to compare the frequency of motor fluctuations. ... Welders were exposed to a mean of 47,144 welding hours. Welders had a younger age at onset (46 years) of PD compared with sequentially ascertained controls (63 yearsp < 0.0001). There was no difference in frequency of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, asymmetric onset, postural instability, family history, clinical depression, dementia, or drug-induced psychosis between the welders and the two control groups. All treated welders responded to levodopa. Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias occurred at a similar frequency in welders and the two control groups. PET with 6-[18F]fluorodopa obtained in two of the welders showed findings typical of idiopathic PD, with greatest loss in posterior putamen. /The authors concluded that/ Parkinsonism in welders is distinguished clinically only by age at onset, suggesting welding may be a risk factor for PD. These preliminary data cannot exclude a genetic contribution to susceptibility in these exposed individuals./EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a cross-sectional study, the serum concentrations of inhibin B and prolactin of 96 male current welders were compared with the concentrations measured in 96 age-matched referents. Also, 23 patients who were all former welders diagnosed as having welding-related manganism were studied. The current welders' geometric mean (GM) airborne exposure to manganese (Mn) was 121 ug/cu m (range 7-2320). The serum concentrations of prolactin adjusted for age and smoking habits (GM 193 mIU/L vs. 166 mIU/Lp=0.047) and inhibin B adjusted for alcohol consumption (arithmetic mean (AM) 151 ng/L vs. 123 ng/Lp=0.001) were higher in the welders compared with the referents. The whole blood Mn concentration was associated with the serum prolactin concentrations. Tobacco smoking resulted in lower serum prolactin concentrations. The GM serum prolactin concentrations of the patients did not significantly differ from that of the referents, but their AM serum inhibin B concentration was statistically significantly lower. The results may suggest an effect of Mn on the pituitary that is reversible upon cessation of exposure. Lower inhibin B concentrations in the patients could point to a functional impairment of the testicular Sertoli cells, that may be caused by a welding fume component or other factors in their work environment./EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to a group of 61 ferroalloy male workers and 87 controls. The average (geometric mean) manganese concentrations in total dust at the plant have changed from 1981 to 1997 respectively from 1597.03 ug/cu m to 239 ug/cu m at the furnace areafrom 151.53 to 255.76 ug/cu m at the casting areafrom 167 to 54.7 ug/cu m at the maintenance (welding operations), yielding a current overall value of 54.25 ug/cu m. A cumulative exposure index was calculated for each alloy worker and the average value (geometric mean) resulted to be 1204.87 ug/cu m x years, which divided by the average length of exposure (15.17 years), showed the concentration of 70.83 ug/cu m of manganese in total dust. Blood and urinary manganese geometric means resulted significantly higher in the exposed workers (9.18 ug/L and 1.53 ug/g creatinine, respectively) than in controls (5.74 ug/L and 0.40 ug/g creatinine, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the airborne manganese concentrations in total dust and blood manganese (n = 55R = 0.36R2 = 0.13p = 0.0068), whereas no association resulted between cumulative exposure index and both blood manganese and urinary manganese. Higher prevalence of symptoms reporting was observed in the alloy workers concerning irritability, loss of equilibrium and rigidity. Tremor parameters including the central frequency and its dispersion, resulted to be statistically different in the exposed workers compared to the controls. Motor functions exploring the coordination of rapid and alternating movements and memory functions resulted to be impaired in the manganese workers. Dose-effect relationships were observed between the cumulative exposure index and some of the test results, whereas no relationship was found with the airborne manganese concentrations and the biological indicators of exposure. These findings are consistent with the existing knowledge of a cumulative mechanism of action of manganese, which must be carefully considered when setting safe exposure levels. ...For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| State Drinking Water Standards | (NY) NEW YORK 300 ug/l |
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| 주 식수 지침 | (CA) CALIFORNIA 500 ug/l(CT) CONNECTICUT 500 ug/l(ME) MAINE 500 ug/l(MN) MINNESOTA 300 ug/L(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 840 ug/l |
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| 연방 식수 지침 | EPA 50 ug/l |
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