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오스뮴
오스뮴분 · 오스뮴 · 오스뮴(OSMIUM) · 오스뮴, 원소 · Os · OSMIUM · osmium atom · OSMIUM METAL
식별자 및 물리적 특성
| CAS No. | 7440-04-2 |
|---|---|
| 분자식 | Os |
| 평균 분자량 | 190.2 g/mol |
| 단동위원소 질량 | 191.96148 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Os] |
| InChIKey | SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23937 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:49812 |
| EC No. | 231-114-0 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5064679 |
| 현지명 | 오스뮴 |
화학 및 물리적 성질
| 극성 표면적 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 수소 결합 공여자 수 | 0 |
| 수소 결합 수용자 수 | 0 |
| 회전 가능 결합 수 | 0 |
| 무거운 원자 수 | 1 |
| 형식 전하 | 0 |
| 복잡도 | 0 |
| 밀도 | 22.59 g/cu cm22.59 @25 °C22.61 g/cm3 (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Blue-white metalHard white metal |
| 용해도 | Insoluble in acids and aqua regiaattacked by fused alkalissoluble in aqua regia |
| 끓는 점 | 5012 °C5012 °C @760 [mm Hg]5027 °C (lit.) |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /osmium tetraoxide/. |
| 녹는점 | 3033 °COsmium has the highest specific gravity and melting point of the platinum group metalsmetallurgically unworkable3045 °C (lit.) |
| 증기압 | 1.8 Pa (mm Hg) at 3050 °C |
| Physical Description | Bluish-white lustrous solid[Merck Index] Greyish or bluish-white metal or powder[MSDSonline] |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Stable in air in the coldwhen finely divided, is slowly oxidized by air even at ordinary temperature to form tetroxide. |
| Other Experimental Properties | Ionic radius, 69 pmcrystal structure, hexagonal close packedlattice constant, 273.41 pmthermal expansion, 6.10X10+6 °C-1magnetic susceptibility, 5.2X10-8 cu cm/gYoung's modulus, 5.56X10+8 kN/sq mPoisson's ratio, 0.28Vicker's hardness, 300-670temperature coefficient of resistance 4.2X10-3 K-1electrical resistivity at 0 °C, 8.12 microohm-cmthermal conductivity, 88 W/m KValence 0 to 8, more usual, +3, +4, +6, +8lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard and brittle even at high temperatures, the solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide following oxidation in airSeven naturally occurring isotopes: (184)Os, 0.02%(186)Os, 1.6%(187)Os, 1.6%(188)Os, 13.3%(189)Os, 16.1%(190)Os, 26.4%(192)Os, 41.0%artificial radioactive isotopes: 181-183185191193-195specific heat at 0 °C, 0.0309 cal/g °CMohs' hardness, 7.0Stable in air in the coldwhen finely divided, is slowly oxidized by air even at ordinary temperatures to form tetroxideattacked by fluorine above 100 °Cby dry chlorine on heatingnot attacked by bromine or iodineattacked by aqua regia, by oxidizing acids over a long period of timebarely affected by HCl, H2SO4burns in vapor of phosphorus to form phosphidein vapor of sulfur to form sulfideattacked by molten alkali hydrosulfates, by potassium hydroxide and oxidizing agentsfinely divided osmium absorbs a considerable amount of hydrogenFor more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for OSMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 물리적 상태 | 스펀지 |
| 색상 | 검은색 |
| 비중 | 22.48 |
| 용해도 | 왕수에 의해 공격받음HCl, H2SO4 [MER06]의 영향을 거의 받지 않음 |
| 비열 | Cp(crystal): 0.13 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.11 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,6960 |
| InChI | InChI=1S/Os |
| InChIKey | SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Os] |
| Hardness, Brinell | 580, Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball Brinell test. |
| Hardness, Rockwell A | 80, Converted from Vickers. |
| Hardness, Rockwell C | 57, Converted from Vickers. |
| Hardness, Vickers | 670 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 560 GPa |
| EPA | Osmium (7440-04-2) |
화학적 성질
Osmium is a blue－white metal. It is found in platinum ores and in the naturally occurring alloy osmiridium. Osmium when heated in air or when the finely divided form is exposed to air at room temperature, oxidizes to form the tetroxide (OsO4), osmic acid. Osmium tetraoxide is a colorless, crystalline solid or pale-yellow mass. Unpleasant, acrid, chlorine-like odor. A liquid above 41°C.
안전 및 규제
| GHS 분류 | DangerH228 (97.4%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]H315 (96.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]H318 (96.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]H335 (96.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposureRespiratory tract irritation]H413 (69.1%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 152 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
|---|---|
| 규제 정보 | Chemical: OsmiumOsmium, powder: HSNO Approval: HSR006788 Approved with controls |
| 기타 안전 정보 | IMAP assessments - Osmium: Human health tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Osmium: Environment tier I assessment |
| 화재 가능성 | Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame. |
| 유해성 요약 | A skin irritantHighly toxic[Hawley] Powder is strong eye irritantEffects in high-dose animal studies include convulsions[MSDSonline] The metals in this group [platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium] generally are nontoxic in the metallic state, but the soluble halide salts (particularly of Pt) and osmium tetroxide are highly reactive. Exposure to these elements results in hypersensitivity allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. [Sullivan, p. 911] See Osmium tetroxide. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Flam. Sol. 2 (97.4%)Skin Irrit. 2 (96.7%)Eye Dam. 1 (96.1%)STOT SE 3 (96.7%)Aquatic Chronic 4 (69.1%) |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | Ignites when heated to 100 °C with fluorine. Incandescent reaction in phosphorous vapor.Violent reaction or ignition with chlorine trichloride or oxygen difluoride.Metallic osmium is inert, but when heated in air or in a finely divided form it oxidizes to osmium tetroxide.Chlorine trifluoride is a hypergolic oxidizer with recognized fuels, and contact with the materials following at ambient or slightly elevated temperatures is violent, ignition often occurring. ...Osmium... .For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for OSMIUM, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 처리 방법 | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants....Workers dealing with metallic osmium should be protected from the hazards of osmium tetroxide vapor by adequate ventilation. /Osmium Tetraoxide/ |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 0.28 [mg/m3]3.1 [mg/m3]19 [mg/m3] |
| 유해 작용 | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin |
| Natural Pollution Sources | Osmium belongs to the platinum group metals (ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum), which are often found together in nature(1). In the lithosphere, the estimated concentration of platinum group metals range from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm(2). Osmium's elemental abundance is 0.001 ppm(1). During the formation of the earth, the six platinum group metals were most likely concentrated within the earth's iron-nickel core(4). Platinum group metals can be transferred from the earth's interior to the lithosphere by tectonic movements of the earth's crust followed by the eruption of magma(2). Osmium is found in the alloy osmiridium and in all platinum ores(3). |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Osmium metal itself... /is/ probably not harmful to the human organism. Already at relatively low temperatures, however, both osmium and its alloys are oxidized to volatile osmium tetroxide, which is toxic and strongly irritating. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Serious symptoms of irritation and dark color of pulmonary mucosa may indicate that, on contact with the tissues in the organic medium, /osmium tetroxide/ is reduced to osmium metal. |
| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | Occupational exposure to osmium compounds may occur through inhalation of dust, and by dermal contact at workplaces where platinum group metals are mined or processed, or where osmium compounds are produced or used. Available monitoring data are limitedhowever, since osmium has a low abundance in the environment and limited uses, exposure to the general population to osmium compounds is expected to be low. (SRC) |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| 수질 위해 등급(WGK) | - |
| TSCA 등재 상태 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 번호 | RN1100000 |
| 운송 번호(UN) | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| 독성 | LDLo ivn-dog: 17 mg/kg SMSJAR 26,131,1826 |
| 관세 코드 | 71104100 |
| 위험 문구(R) | 11-37/38-41-36/38 |
| 위험 표시 | F,Xi |
| 안전 문구(S) | 16-26-36/37/39 |
| 포장분류 | II |
| 위험 등급 | 4.1Eye Dam. 1Flam. Sol. 2Skin Irrit. 2STOT SE 3 |
| 기존화학 물질 | KE-27433 |
| 저장 분류 | 4.1B - Flammable solid hazardous materials |
| 유해 물질 데이터 | 7440-04-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
용도
개요
Osmium is silvery white, hard transition metals with a high melting point. osmium is one of the rarest elements on earth.
출처
Osmium is the 80th most abundant element on Earth. As a metal, it is not found free innature and is considered a companion metal with iridium. It is also found mixed with platinum-and nickel-bearing ores. It is recovered by treating the concentrated residue of these oreswith aqua regia (a mixture of 75% HCl and 25% HNO). The high cost of refining osmium ismade economically feasible by also recovering marketable amounts of platinum and nickel.Osmium occurs along with iridium in nature as the mineral iridosmine. It is found inCanada, Russia, and parts of Africa.
용도
Because of its hard brittle nature, the metal osmium has few uses. However, the powderedform can be sintered under high pressure and temperatures to form some useful products,despite its toxicity and malodor. Its main use is as an alloy to manufacture devices that resistwear and stand up to constant use. As an alloy, osmium loses both its foul odor and toxicity.Some of these products are ballpoint and fountain pen tips, needles for record players, andpivot points for compass needles. Osmium alloys are also used for contact points on specialswitches and other devices that require reduced frictional wear. Another use is as a stain for animal tissues that are to be examined with a microscope toimprove the contrast of the specimen.
제조 및 합성 방법
생산 방법
Osmium is obtained in the reaction of osmium tetroxide (OsO4) reduction with carbon at red heat temperature. Osmium is also obtained from osmiridium. After separation from other metals with aqua regia, osmiridium is distilled in chlorine stream with formation of osmium tetrachloride (OsCl4), from which the metal is recovered by reduction.