구리
구리슬라그-공기(COPPERSLAG-AIRBORNE)구리슬라그-제분(COPPERSLAG-MILLED)금청동 · 구리증기(COPPERFUME)구리-공중의 · 구리-청동(COPPER-BRONZE)구리-제분 · 구리 · 구리(동) · 금속생산품 · 알브리천연구리(ALLBRINATURALCOPPER)C.I.염료금속2(C.I.PIGMENTMETAL2)구리가루 · 구리, 원소
식별자 및 물리적 특성
| CAS No. | 7440-50-8 |
|---|---|
| 분자식 | Cu |
| 평균 분자량 | 63.55 g/mol |
| 단동위원소 질량 | 62.9295975 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Cu] |
| InChIKey | RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23978 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL55643 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:28694 |
| EC No. | 231-159-6 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID2023985 |
| 현지명 | 구리 |
화학 및 물리적 성질
| 극성 표면적 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 수소 결합 공여자 수 | 0 |
| 수소 결합 수용자 수 | 0 |
| 회전 가능 결합 수 | 0 |
| 무거운 원자 수 | 1 |
| 형식 전하 | 0 |
| 복잡도 | 0 |
| 물질 분류 | Metals -> Elements, MetallicTrace element |
| 화장품 | Cosmetics ingredient -> ColorantOther (Specify)Cosmetic colorant |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | atomic structure |
| 농약 | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP(분배 계수) | -0.57 (calculated) |
| 냄새 | Odorless /Copper dusts and mists/ |
| 식품 첨가물 | Drugs, Cosmetics -> FDA Regulatory Status of Color Additives |
| 밀도 | 8.94 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sinkRelative density (water = 1): 8.98.96 @25 °C8.94 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Reddish, lustrous, ductile, malleable metalRed metalcubic |
| 용해도 | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)8.96g/mLSlightly sol in dilute acidSlowly soluble in ammonia waterSolubility in water: noneslightly soluble in dilute acid solutions |
| Human Drugs | FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient |
| Animal Drugs | Pharmaceuticals -> UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate List |
| 녹는점 | 1083.4 °C (lit.) |
| 끓는 점 | 2567 °C (lit.) |
| 증기압 | 0Pa at 20℃ |
| 인화점 | -23 °C |
| 저장 조건 | 2-8°C |
| pKa(산도 계수) | 7.4 |
| 물리적 상태 | 철사 |
| 비중 | 8.92 |
| 색상 | 녹슨 색 |
| pH | 3.2 (20°C in H2O) |
| Flame Color | Copper(I): Blue-greenCopper(II): Green (non-halide) to blue-green (halide) |
| 용해도 | 불용성 |
| 비열 | Cp(crystal): 0.38 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.33 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,2545 |
| 안정성 | 안정적인. 강산, 활성 할로겐 화합물, 염소, 불소, 요오드, 브롬, 암모니아와 호환되지 않습니다. 강한 산화제와 폭발적으로 반응할 수 있음. |
| 화장품 원료 기능 | 필러색소피부 컨디셔닝 - 보습제수렴제항균헤어 컨디셔닝피부 보호 |
| InChI | 1S/Cu |
| InChIKey | RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Cu] |
| Bulk Modulus | 140 GPa |
| Hardness, Rockwell B | 37 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 110 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.364 |
| Shear Modulus | 46.0 GPa |
| Hardness, Vickers | 50 |
| Hardness, Brinell | 89, Converted from Vickers for 500 kg load/10 mm ball Brinell test. |
| Hardness, Rockwell A | 35, Converted from Vickers. |
| NIST | Copper(7440-50-8) |
| EPA | Copper (7440-50-8) |
화학적 성질
Copper is a reddish-brown metal which occurs free or in ores, such as malachite, cuprite, and chalcopyrite. Copper is a group IB transition element on the periodic table and exists in four oxidation states: Cu0 Cu1+ (cuprous ion), Cu1+ (cupric ion), and Cu3+. In a natural state, copper is likely to be found in a variety of solid salts and compounds, but it can be found in the elemental form as well. Copper compounds generally are blue or green. The common green color of copper on exposure to air is a basic carbonate compound. Copper is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in hot sulfuric and nitric acids. The vapor pressure is negligible at low temperatures, but in an industrial setting, in which very high temperatures are used to smelt copper ore, some potentially harmful copper fumes may be emitted. Although it not combustible in bulk, powdered copper may ignite. Fires and explosions may result from contact with oxidizing agents, strong mineral acids, alkali metals, and halogens (NIOSH, 2010).
안전 및 규제
| GHS 분류 | WarningH400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 52.5% (1818 of 3463) of all reports.H302 (21.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral] |
|---|---|
| 규제 정보 | Chemical: CopperHazard Traits - BioaccumulationEnvironmental PersistenceRespiratory ToxicityCopper is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Copper are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 26-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15562Copper, powder: HSNO Approval: HSR002948 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| 기타 안전 정보 | IMAP assessments - Copper: Human health tier I assessment |
| 운송 라벨(DOT) | Flammable Solid |
| 화재 위험 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. |
| 건강 유해성 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Copper (dusts and mists, as Cu): |
| 유해성 요약 | Copper is a metal that occurs naturally throughout the environment, in rocks, soil, water, and air. Copper is an essential element in plants and animals (including humans), which means it is necessary for us to live. Therefore, plants and animals must absorb some copper from eating, drinking, and breathing. Copper is used to make many different kinds of products like wire, plumbing pipes, and sheet metal. U.S. pennies made before 1982 are made of copper, while those made after 1982 are only coated with copper. Copper is also combined with other metals to make brass and bronze pipes and faucets. Copper compounds are commonly used in agriculture to treat plant diseases like mildew, for water treatment and, as preservatives for wood, leather, and fabrics.Copper fumes can cause metal fume fever. Hemolytic anemia has been reported after toxic ingestion. [Rosenstock, p. 983] In acidic conditions, metallic copper releases toxic copper ions. Acute copper poisoning can cause liver injury, methemoglobinemia, and hemolytic anemia. Acute renal failure may result, secondary to massive hemoglobinuria. [Goldfrank, p. 1256-60] There are two TLVs, one for Copper, fume, as Cu and one for Copper, dusts and mists, as Cu. There is also a MAK for Copper and its inorganic compounds. [ACGIH] Copper in drinking water at >4 mg/L can cause gastrointestinal distress. At higher doses, ingested copper salts can cause hemolysis and injury to the liver and kidneys. [Nordberg, p. 765] In high-dose animal studies, excess copper is embryotoxicWomen with Wilson's disease (excess copper) may have infertility and increased spontaneous abortions[REFPROTOX] See Copper sulfate. |
| FDA 요건 | Certification of this color additive when used in coloring externally applied drugs, including those intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the act. /Copper powder/ |
| 반응성 그룹 | Metals, Less Reactive |
| UN 분류 | UN Hazard Class: 4.1UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | NASMedical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants Copper (1974)USEPAAmbient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Copper (1980) EPA 440/5-80-036.Health Issue Assessment: Copper (1987) EPA/600/8-87/001.Drinking Water Criteria Document for Copper (Final Draft) (1985) EPA-600/X-84-190-1For more Special Reports (Complete) data for COPPER, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Reactivity Profile | COPPER combines violently with chlorine trifluoride in the presence of carbon [Mellor 2, Supp. 1, 1956]. Is oxidized by sodium peroxide with incandescence [Mellor 2:490-93, 1946-1947]. Forms an unstable acetylide when acetylene is passed over samples that have been heated enough to form an oxide coating. Reacts more rapidly in powdered or granular form. Subject to explosive reaction then mixed in finely divided form with finely divided bromates chlorates and iodates of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zincthese reactions are initiated by heat, percussion, and occasionally light friction [Mellor 2:310, 1946-1947]. A solution of sodium azide in copper pipe with lead joints formed copper azide and lead azide, both of these compounds can detonate [Klotz, 1973]. |
| 대기 기준 | ... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Copper (52 FR 5496Feb 23, 1987) is included on this list. |
| 소화 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Use special powder, dry sand. NO other agents. Water may be ineffective. |
| 응급 조치 | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
| 응급 처치 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Copper (dusts and mists, as Cu):(General first aid procedures) |
| 안전 보관 | See Chemical Dangers. |
| 노출 관리 및 개인 보호 | 0.01 [mg/m3], respirable fraction (metal and inorg. Compounds)[German Research Foundation (DFG)] |
| 정리 방법 | 1. VENTILATE AREA OF RELEASE. 2. COLLECT SPILLED MATERIAL IN THE MOST CONVENIENT AND SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION, OR FOR DISPOSAL IN A SECURE SANITARY LANDFILL. LIQ CONTAINING COPPER SHOULD BE ABSORBED IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL. /COPPER DUSTS & MISTS/ |
| 비화재 누출 대응 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: |
| 처리 방법 | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.Alternative treatment processes for metal bearing hazardous waste streams are reviewed. Precipitation is the preferred treatment process for removing toxic heavy metals from electroplating waters. Precipitation processes include hydroxide, lime and/or sulfide treatment. Chemical reduction is used to treat complex metals such as nickel, copper, hexavalent chromium waste, soluble lead, silver, metal containing cyanide, and mercury. Adsorption has shown potential for treating and polishing aqueous metal bearing wastes. Activated carbon, activated alumina, and iron filings are all applicable adsorbents. Alkaline chlorination and incineration are effective cyanide destruction treatments. Evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and electrolytic recovery are waste reduction and recovery techniques applicable to metal bearing hazardous streams.COPPER DUSTS OR MIST AND COPPER CMPD MAY BE DISPOSED OF IN SEALED CONTAINERS IN A SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. /COPPER DUSTS & MISTS/ |
| 누출 처리 | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | The prevention of metal fume fever is a matter of keeping exposure below the level of concn currently accepted as satisfactory for working with copper in industry. The employment of local exhaust ventilation is a necessary measure to collect fumes at their source.SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.The major hazards are exposure to ore dusts during ore processing & smelting, metal fumes ... during smelting, sulfur dioxide & carbon monoxide during most smelting operations, ...& sulfuric acid & electrical hazards during electrolytic processes. Precautions include: local exhaust ventilation (LEV) for dusts during transfer operationslocal exhaust & dilution ventilation for sulfur dioxide & carbon monoxide... protective clothing and shields... . Respiratory protection is commonly worn to protect against dusts, fumes & sulfur dioxide.Employees should wash promptly when skin is contaminated. Work clothing should be changed daily if clothing is contaminated. Remove nonimpervious clothing promptly if contaminated. /Copper and compounds/For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for COPPER, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Isolation and Evacuation | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety goggles. |
| 독성학 정보 | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| Treatment | In cases of suspected copper poisoning, penicillamine is the drug of choice, and dimercaprol, a heavy metal chelating agent, is often administered. Vinegar is not recommended, as it assists in solubilizing insoluble copper salts. |
| 표적 장기 | Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Hepatic (Liver)Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys (increased risk with Wilson's disease) |
| 건강 영향 | Copper toxicity, also called copperiedus, refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body. Copperiedus can occur from eating acid foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water or other environmental sources. Very-high doses of copper can damage liver and kidneys, and can even cause death. Copper may induce allergic responses in sensitive individuals. (L278, L279) |
| Hepatotoxicity | Acute hepatotoxicity of copper is usually the result of ingestion of toxic amounts (1 to 10 g), often as a suicide attempt. In children, accidental poisoning can occur, particularly with ingestion of coins. Initial symptoms may be metallic taste and gastrointestinal distress due to gastric or small bowel erosions. Acute overdoses of copper can lead to early appearance of cardiovascular collapse, coma and death within hours. Liver injury tends to arise after 24 to 72 hours and is characterized by marked elevations in serum aminotransferase levels, minimal increases in alkaline phosphatase, early appearance of hepatic failure, and elevation in prothrombin time and ensuing jaundice. Shock and renal failure may also be present as well as rhabdomyolysis and severe hemolytic anemia. The overall clinical pattern of the liver injury is that of acute hepatic necrosis, and the hepatic manifestations resemble the acute toxicity of iron and zinc, and can be reproduced in animals. Shock and rhabdomyolysis may contribute to the serum enzyme elevations while hemolytic anemia may account for some of the increase in total bilirubin levels. Therapy of copper overdose includes gastric lavage, fluid replacement, dimercaprol (BAL) and penicillamine, with blood transfusions for hemolytic anemia and dialysis for acute renal failure. |
| 환경 거동 | Terrestrial Fate: The fate of copper with respect to its leachability in purely organic spruce forest soils was studied. Appreciable mobilization of copper occurred only with prolonged leaching at pH 2.8. Therefore, it does not appear likely that acidic rainfall will result in significant mobilization of copper from organic soils unless the pH of rainfall decreases to < 3. ... Estimated that approx 50% of copper in the top few centimeters of these soils was organically bound, approx 18% was in the hydroxy carbonate form, approx 7% was in the adsorbed state, approx 11% was bound by other anions and 6% was irreversibly adsorbed. Only 3% of the copper was extractable with water at pH 4.5hence only 3% was mobile at this pH. ... In urbanized areas the effects of land clearing, profile disruption and increased acid rainfall may increase copper mobilization in these soils. |
| 유해 작용 | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
| 노출 경로 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactOral (L277)inhalation (L277)dermal (L277) |
| 독성 요약 | Excess copper is sequestered within hepatocyte lysosomes, where it is complexed with metallothionein. Copper hepatotoxicity is believed to occur when the lysosomes become saturated and copper accumulates in the nucleus, causing nuclear damage. This damage is possibly a result of oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. Copper inhibits the sulfhydryl group enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonases, which protect the cell from free oxygen radicals. It also influences gene expression and is a co-factor for oxidative enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase and lysyl oxidase. In addition, the oxidative stress induced by copper is thought to activate acid sphingomyelinase, which lead to the production of ceramide, an apoptotic signal, as well as cause hemolytic anemia. Copper-induced emesis results from stimulation of the vagus nerve. (L277, T49, A174, L280) |
| Plant Concentrations | The contents of copper, molybdenum, sulphur, zinc, selenium, iron, manganese, and the copper/molybdenum ratio were determined in different native plant species from a mountain area of central southern Norway. The overall mean values and ranges (mg/kg DM) were copper: 6.0, 0.9-27.2molybdenum: 0.25, 0.01-3.57zinc: 77, 8-320selenium: 0.05, less than 0.01-0.32iron: 208, 15-2245manganese: 338, 31-3784sulfur: (g/100 g DM) 0.20, 0.03-0.56copper/molybdenum: 79, 1-7955. Levels of the individual elements showed considerable variability, both between and within plant groups. Mineral contents were compared with the established requirements for sheep and cattle, the following conclusion being drawn. The levels of zinc, sulphur, iron, and manganese were found to be adequate for ruminants. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Headache. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.Redness.Redness. Pain.Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.irritation eyes, nose, pharynxnasal septum perforationmetallic tastedermatitisIn Animals: lung, liver, kidney damageanemiaBreathing high levels of copper can cause irritation of the nose and throat. Acute symptoms of copper poisoning by ingestion include vomiting, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hypotension (low blood pressure), melena (black "tarry" feces), coma, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of the skin), and gastrointestinal distress. Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate deficiency may be at increased risk of hematologic effects of copper. Hemolytic anemia resulting from the treatment of burns with copper compounds is infrequent. Chronic (long-term) effects of copper exposure can damage the liver and kidneys. |
| ICSC Environmental Data | The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain. |
| CERCLA 보고 수량 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| 청정수법 요건 | The permissible concn of total recoverable copper in water to protect freshwater aquatic life is 5.6 ug/l as a 24 hr avg. The log of this concn should not exceed the numerical value of log (0.94 In (hardness) -1.23). The corresponding value to protect saltwater aquatic life is 4.0 ug/l as a 24 hr avg, and should not exceed 23 ug/l at any time. /Total recoverable copper/Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Copper and cmpd/ |
| 주 식수 지침 | (AZ) ARIZONA 1300 ug/l |
| Federal Drinking Water Standards | EPA 1300 ug/l (Action Level) |
| 연방 식수 지침 | EPA 1000 ug/l |
| 직업 노출 등급(OEB) | C |
| 직업 노출 한계(OEL) | TWA: 1 mg/m3 [*Note: The REL also applies to other copper compounds (as Cu) except Copper fume.] |
| 수질 위해 등급(WGK) | 3 |
| 즉시 생명 위험 농도 | 100 mg Cu/m3 |
| TSCA 등재 상태 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 번호 | GL5325000 |
| 운송 번호(UN) | UN 2775 |
| 독성 | LD50 intraperitoneal in mouse: 3500ug/kg |
| 관세 코드 | 74081100 |
| 위험 문구(R) | 17-36/38-11-52/53-67-65-62-51/53-48/20-38-53-50/53-50-68/20/21/22-20/21/22 |
| 위험 표시 | F,N,Xi,Xn |
| 안전 문구(S) | 5-26-16-61-62-36/37-60-36 |
| 포장분류 | I/II/III |
| 위험 등급 | 6.1 |
| 기존화학 물질 | KE-08896 |
| F 고인화성물질 | 10 |
| 저장 분류 | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| 유해 물질 데이터 | 7440-50-8(Hazardous Substances Data) |
용도
개요
Copper has long been used by humans for a variety of reasons. The name copper derives from the Latin for the metal, cuprum, which is named for the Roman source, the island of Cyprus. Copper has been used in a variety of alloys; of particular importance among copper alloys is bronze, which comprised most of the tools and weapons of the age that bears its name. Brass, a copper–zinc alloy, is also highly used, for example, in brass musical instruments. Copper has also long been used as a building material, and owing to the metal’s malleability, as well as high thermal and electric conductivity, continues to find new uses. Copper and its compounds are naturally present in the earth’s crust. Natural discharges to air and water may be significant. Therefore, it is important to consider the background levels that are commonly found and distinguish these from high levels that may be found as a result of anthropogenic activity. Copper is emitted into the air naturally from windblown dust, volcanoes, and anthropogenic sources, the largest of which are being primary copper smelters and ore processing facilities. It is associated with particulate matter. The mean concentration of copper in the atmosphere is 5–200 ng m-3.
출처
Copper is the 26th most abundant element on Earth, but it is rare to find pure metallicdeposits. It is found in many different types of mineral ores, many of which are close to thesurface and easy to extract. It is found in two types of ores: (1) sulfide ores, such as covellite,chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and enargite; and (2) oxidized ores, such as tenorite, malachite, azurite, cuprite, chrysocolla, and brochanite.It is found in most countries of the world, but only a few high-grade deposits are costeffective to mine. Examples of some of its ores are cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite[CuCO3 Cu(OH)2], chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), bornite (Cu6FeS4), and chalcopyrite,also known as copper pyrite.Copper ores are found worldwide, in Russia, Chile, Canada, Zambia, and Zaire and, in theUnited States, in Arizona, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Utah.High-grade ores of 99% pure metal were found in the United States (and other countries), butmany of these native ore deposits have been mined over the past hundred years and are nowexhausted. Even so, many low-grade ores with concentrations of 10% to 80% pure copper stillexist and await a technology that will make them more profitable for exploitation.
역사
The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one of man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occurs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; monel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of copper in December 2001 was about $1.50/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.
용도
Copper is distributed widely in nature; it is the twenty-sixth most abundant element in the earth’s crust and is an essential element for many life forms. Copper is an abundant reddish, odorless metal that takes on a greenish-blue patina when exposed to the elements. It was the first metal worked by humans, and copper salts were among the first materials regularly used for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Most animals require copper for certain biological processes. A deficiency of copper, as well as an excess, can have adverse health effects. The daily intake of copper in the United States ranges from 2 to 5 mg, almost all of which is excreted in the feces. Shellfish, seeds, nuts, and grains are rich sources of dietary copper. Minute amounts of cupric ion are absorbed and stored, mainly in the liver, blood, and brain. Copper is an essential cofactor in several enzyme systems (Shaligram and Campbell, 2012). Cuproenzymes catalyze important biochemical reactions, including iron absorption and hemebiosynthesis (Colotti et al., 2013).Copper deficiency may lead to anemia and neutropenia, and eventually to bone lesions resembling scurvy and to pathological fractures without hemorrhage (Kumar et al., 2005; Halfdanarson et al., 2008). Copper is also found in some intrauterine devices for the prevention of pregnancy (IPCS, 1998; Szymanski et al., 2012).
일반 설명
Reddish lustrous malleable odorless metallic solid.
제조 및 합성 방법
생산 방법
Copper can be found free in nature (although not as commonly today). A naturally forming “patina” forms on copper in the environment (e.g., Statue of Liberty in NewYork City). The “patina” is commonly copper carbonate (from reaction with water and carbon dioxide). This thin copper carbonate layer covers exposed pure copper and prevents further oxidation. The name copper is derived from the Latin word cuprum, which, in turn, is derived from an earlier word, cyprium or “Cyprium metal.” The Romans obtained much of their copper from Cyprus, as the name implies.Copper is found at a concentration of 50 ppm in the earth’s crust, and its concentration in seawater is 0.001–0.02 ppm. Although copper can also be obtained in an almost pure state in nature, about 85% of the copper mined today is derived from low-grade ores containing 2% or less of the metal. The major ore is chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Ores are removed by open-pit mining as well as underground mining.