헬륨

헬륨 · He · Helium-4 · helium, liquid · HELIUM · o-Helium · p-helium · Helium(0)

https://huagongshe.com/ko/chemical/23987

식별자 및 물리적 특성

CAS No.	71086-78-7
분자식	He
평균 분자량	4.0026 g/mol
단동위원소 질량	4.00260325 g/mol
SMILES	[He]
InChIKey	SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID	23987
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1796997
ChEBI	CHEBI:33681
EC No.	231-168-5
DTXSID	DTXSID7036402
현지명	헬륨

화학 및 물리적 성질

극성 표면적	0
수소 결합 공여자 수	0
수소 결합 수용자 수	0
회전 가능 결합 수	0
무거운 원자 수	1
형식 전하	0
복잡도	0
물질 분류	Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Simple Asphyxiants
SpringerMaterials Properties	electron-phonon coupling
LogP(분배 계수)	0.28
냄새	Odorless100.00%. 냄새 없는
맛	Tasteless
식품 첨가물	PROCESSING AID -> FDA Substance added to food
밀도	1.64 g/LLiquid helium has unique thermodynamic properties ... Refractive index 1,026, density 0.125 and is called a "quantum fluid" because it exhibits atomic properties on a macroscopic scale. Its BP is near absolute zero and viscosity is 25 micropoises (water = 10,000). He II, formed on cooling HE I below its transition point, has the usual property of superfluidity, extremely high thermal conductivity, and viscosity approaching zero.0.147 @ -270.8°C0.1785(0℃)
Viscosity	1.953 at 20 °C, 0.1 MPa1.977 at 20 °C, 20 MPa
Color/Form	Colorless gasLiquid helium (He-4) exists in 2 forms: He-4 I and He-4 II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174 K (3.83 cm Hg)
용해도	1.5mg/LVery slightly soluble in water: at 0 °C, 0.97 mL/100 mLat 50 °C, 1.08 mL/100 mLInsoluble in ethanolIn water, 2.50 mg/L at 21 °C2.5 mg/L @ 21C (exp)Solubility in water, ml/100ml at 20 °C: 0.86slightly soluble in H2O
Human Drugs	FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient
Animal Drugs	FDA approved animal drugs -> Active ingredient
녹는점	-272.2 °C(lit.)
끓는 점	-268.934 °C(lit.)
증기 밀도	0.14 (vs air)
물리적 상태	가스
색상	무색의
용해도	8.61mL/1000g H2O(101.32kPa, 0°C) [KIR78]헨리의 법칙 상수, k×10Ω4: 9.856(104°C), 6.739(149.4°C), 2.524(250.6°C), 1.796(275.1°C) [POT78]
비열	Cp(gas): 5.2 J/(g·K), at 25℃
Merck	13,4645
헨리 상수	3.9×10-6 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Fernández-Prini et al. (2003)
유전율	1.0(-269℃)
안정성	안정적인극도로 반응이 없습니다.
InChI	1S/He
InChIKey	SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES	[He]
LogP(분배 계수)	0.280
EPA	Helium (7440-59-7)

화학적 성질

Helium is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is nonflammable.

안전 및 규제

GHS 분류	This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.4% (2 of 491) of reports.WarningH280 (65.6%): Contains gas under pressuremay explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]P282, P336+P317, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 491 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.
규제 정보	Chemical: HeliumHelium is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Helium are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Helium: Non hazardousThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)
기타 안전 정보	IMAP assessments - Helium: Human health tier I assessment
운송 라벨(DOT)	Non-Flammable Gas
화재 위험	Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:· Non-flammable gases.Not combustible. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.
화재 가능성	Not combustible. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.
건강 유해성	Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.
유해성 요약	Simple asphyxiantEvaporating liquid can cause frostbite[ICSC]
운송 번호 및 가이드(DOT)	1963 1201046 120
FDA 요건	Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
반응성 그룹	Not Chemically Reactive

용도

개요

Helium is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless monoatomic gas with an atomic weight of 4, a density of 1.78 g per 1 at 0°C and 1 atmosphere pressure, and an aqueous solubility of 0.97 mL per 100 mL at 50°C. The Bunsen solubility coefficient (the volume, in mL, of gas at standard conditions dissolved per mL of liquid).of helium at 38°C is 0.0086 in water, and 0.015 in olive oil. After hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element in the universe; these elements are believed to represent 76 and 23 percent, respectively, of all matter in the universe. The earth’s atmosphere, however, contains only 5 ppm of helium. Mineral gases from wells contain higher concentrations and serve as the principal source for industrial production. Helium is chemically very inert; it has a weak tendency to combine with other elements such as fluorine. It is usually marketed as compressed gas, with the USP grade containing not less than 99 percent helium.The largest biological use of helium is the replacement for nitrogen in synthetic breathing gas mixtures for divers and others working under high pressure conditions. The low solubility in body fluids compared to nitrogen decreases the danger of bends on depressurizing.

용도

Helium is used as an inert gas shield in arc welding, as a lifting gas for lighter-than-air aircraft, and as a gaseous cooling medium in nuclear reactors. It is also used to provide a protective atmosphere for growing germanium and silicon crystals for transistors, to provide a protective atmosphere in the production of such reactive metals as titanium and zirconium, to fill cold-weather fluorescent lamps, to trace leaks in refrigeration and other closed systems, and to fill neutron and gas thermometers. Its thermal conductivity makes it an important gas for lasers and fiber optic production. It is used extensively in chromatography due to its inertness and high thermal conductivity. It is used in cryogenic research such as for superconductivity. In mixtures with oxygen, it has medical and diving applications. Radioactive mixtures of helium with krypton are available to users licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NASA uses helium for purging and pressurizing the liquid hydrogen tanks of spacecraft because it is the only element that remains a gas in the extreme cold necessary to maintain the liquid hydrogen fuel used in many rockets and the Space Shuttle. Liquid helium is used for cooling superconductive magnets, used in magnetic resonance imaging, and in magnetic separation.

일반 설명

A colorless, odorless, noncombustible gas. Can asphyxiate. Inhalation causes the voice to become squeaky (Mickey Mouse voice). Exposure of the container to prolonged heat or fire can cause HELIUM to rupture violently and rocket. If liquefied, contact of the very cold liquid with water causes violent boiling. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if the liquid contacts water in a closed container. Used in arc welding, to trace leaks in refrigeration and other closed systems and as a lifting gas for lighter-than-air aircraft.

제조 및 합성 방법

생산 방법

Helium is produced mostly by extraction from natural gas. The process involves cooling the stream of natural gas at sufficient low temperatures and high pressures to liquefy and separate all hydrocarbons, nitrogen and other gases from gaseous helium. The ‘crude’ helium gas may be purified further by repeated liquefaction of methane, nitrogen and other impurities under pressure. Trace hydrocarbons may be removed by adsorption on activated charcoal at liquid nitrogen temperature. Water may be removed by drying over a dehydrating agent such as bauxite. Carbon dioxide may be removed by passing helium through a scrubbing solution containing monoethanolamine-ethylene glycol or similar substances. Trace hydrogen may be removed from helium by converting it into water by mixing with oxygen and passing the mix over a palladium catalyst. Final purification may be achieved by adsorbing remaining trace contaminants over activated charcoal at liquid nitrogen temperature.Alternatively, helium may be separated from natural gas by diffusion through permeable barriers, such as high silica glass or semipermeable membranes. The gas is supplied commercially in steel cylinders or tanks. The United States is the largest producer of helium in the world.