염화티탄(Ⅳ)

1.726 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.726

Relative density (water = 1): 1.7

1.73 @25 °C

Colorless liquid

Yellow liquid

Sol in cold water, alcohol

Sol in dilute hydrochloric acid

Sol in most organic solvents; decomposed by water

Solubility in water: reaction

277.5 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

136.4 °C

136.4 °C

136.45 °C @760 [mm Hg]

... When exposed to moisture, it hydrolyzes to hydrogen chloride.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

-11.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

-24.1 °C

-24.1 °C

-24.12 °C

10 mmHg at 70.34 °F (EPA, 1998)

1.31X10-2 atm @ 20 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 21.3 °C: 1.3

Danger

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Chemical: Titanium chloride (TiCl4)

Hazard Traits - Dermatotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA TACs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Titanium chloride (TiCl4) (T-4)- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Titanium chloride (TiCl4) (T-4)- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 04-08-2014 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10071；Status: Active Update: 06-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15171；Status: Active Update: 29-05-2012 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/6022；Status: Active Update: 29-05-2012 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/6475

Titanium (IV) chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Material will react with water to produce hydrochloric acid. It may ignite other combustible materials (e.g., wood, oil, etc.). Flammable, poisonous gases may accumulate in tanks and hopper cars. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Reacts strongly with water to release hydrochloric acid and heat. Avoid water, moist air. Stable in concentrated aqueous solutions. Avoid contact with moisture; the chemical absorbs moisture from air and evolves dense white fumes. (EPA, 1998)

· EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.；· May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).；· Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff.；· Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.).；· Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.；· Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.；· Substance may be transported in a molten form.

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

This compound is a highly corrosive, acute irritant to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and the respiratory tract. It is capable of causing death or permanent injury due to exposures encountered in normal use. Even short contact may lead to eye inflammation which may result in corneal opacities. (EPA, 1998)

· CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.；· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.；· Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

Titanium tetrachloride is a colorless to pale yellow liquid that has fumes with a strong odor. If it comes in contact with water, it rapidly forms hydrochloric acid, as well as titanium compounds. Titanium tetrachloride is not found naturally in the environment and is made from minerals that contain titanium. It is used to make titanium metal and other titanium-containing compounds, such as titanium dioxide, which is used as a white pigment in paints and other products and to produce other chemicals.

Environmental exposure to titanium tetrachloride is unlikely because it breaks down rapidly in water. Titanium tetrachloride is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans. Acute (short-term) exposure may result in surface skin burns and marked congestion and constriction of various sections of the upper respiratory tract in humans. Acute exposure may also damage the eyes. Diseases of the lung (pleural diseases) have been associated with chronic (long-term) occupational exposure of titanium tetrachloride in titanium metal production workers. Chronic inhalation exposure may result in upper respiratory tract irritation, chronic bronchitis, cough, bronchoconstriction, wheezing, chemical pneumonitis, or pulmonary edema in humans. EPA has not classified titanium tetrachloride with respect to carcinogenicity.

TLV Basis is upper respiratory tract damage. [ACGIH] Can cause pneumonitis; [Table 16.3, Sullivan, p. 213] Liquid causes second degree burns after contact for a few minutes. [CHRIS] Corrosive to skin; [Quick CPC] When TiCl4 comes in contact with water, HCl is rapidly generated. [ATSDR ToxFAQs] See [Park T, et al. Diffuse Endobronchial Polyposis Following A Titanium Tetrachloride Inhalation Injury. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Aug;130(2):315-7] A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Inhalation may cause pulmonary edema; [ICSC]

The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicolgic & adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described therein.[DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Titanium tetrachloride PB98-101082 (September 1997)]

Not flammable. For small fires, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. For large fires, flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not get solid streams of water on spilled material. Move container from fire area if this can be done without risk. Cool containers exposed to flames with water until well after fire is out. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container.；· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.；Small Spill；· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.；· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Warning: Titanium tetrachloride is extremely corrosive. Caution is advised.；Signs and Symptoms of Titanium Tetrachloride Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute ingestion of titanium tetrachloride may be severe and include salivation, intense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, chills, pain, and shock. Oral, esophageal, and stomach burns are common. Vomitus generally has a coffee-ground appearance. The potential for circulatory collapse is high following ingestion of titanium tetrachloride. Acute inhalation exposure of titanium tetrachloride may result in headache, weakness, sneezing, hoarseness, sore throat, choking, laryngitis, and respiratory tract irritation. Bleeding of nose and gums, ulceration of the nasal and oral mucosa, bronchitis, pneumonia, dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and pulmonary edema may also occur. If the eyes have come in contact with titanium tetrachloride, irritation, pain, swelling, corneal erosion, and blindness may result. Dermal exposure may result in dermatitis (red, inflamed skin), severe burns, and pain.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to titanium tetrachloride exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to titanium tetrachloride.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. RUSH to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to titanium tetrachloride.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. RUSH to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!；3. Rinse mouth with large amounts of water. Inform victims not to swallow this water.

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

Will react with water. Use water spray if necessary to keep containers cool.

If material involved in fire: Use dry chemical, dry sand, or carbon dioxide. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

KEEP TIGHTLY CLOSED.

PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERABLE.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:；Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.；SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/SRP: For lab quantity material only & perform in laboratory hood./ Transfer into an evaporating dish containing sodium bicarbonate. Spray with ammonia (6M-NH4OH) while stirring and then spread with crushed ice. Continue spraying with ammonia until the smoke of ammonium chloride partly subsides and add iced water while stirring. Neutralize and slowly transfer the mixture into a drain with running water.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Do NOT use water. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable acid resistant containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock down vapors. Do not use water on material itself. Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Serious skin burns.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity were evaluated in groups of male and female Crl:CD(SD)BR rats (100/sex/group) receiving whole body exposure to titanium tetrachloride at nominal concentrations of 0, 0.01, 1.0, or 10mg/m3 in a dynamic air flow chamber, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for two years beginning at age 35 days. No statistically significant differences between treatments groups and controls were evident for: mean body weights, mean body weight gain and mortality. At 18-months, high dose female and male rats exhibited a significant increase in neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes when compared to controls. High dose males also showed a statistically significant decrease in erythrocytes and increases in mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin and serum bilirubin. Clinical observations revealed a greater incidence of irregular respirations and abnormal lung noises early in the study for male treatment groups relative to the control groups, with an evident dose response-relationship. Absolute and relative lung weights of high dose groups at 1-year and 2-year sacrifices were significantly greater than for controls. Absolute kidney weights of high dose males were significantly decreased relative to controls at the 3-month and 2-year sacrifice. Gross pathology and histological examination of treated rats revealed a dose-related accumulation of the test article within the respiratory tract. Histology revealed an exposure-related increase in the incidence of rhinitis in all treatment groups, with Type-II pneumocytes and hyperplasia observed in mid- and high-dose groups. Other histopathological effects of treatment observed in high dose animals were foamy macrophage infiltration, cholesterol granulomas with collagen fiber deposition, alveolar proteinosis and alveolar bronchiolarization. Cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas were observed primarily in high dose groups.

... OBSERVED DAMAGE TO CORNEAS IN FIVE HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAD BEEN SEVERELY EXPOSED TO THESE FUMES, WITH PARTICULARLY SEVERE EFFECTS ON CORNEA IN PATIENTS WHO DIED FROM EXPOSURE.

... ABOUT 50 L OF TITANIUM CHLORIDE @ TEMP OF 100 °C, WAS OPENED ... & OPERATOR WAS SPLASHED WITH LIQUID. FUMES OF TITANIC ACID & TITANIC OXYCHLORIDE ... WERE INHALED. SURFACE SKIN BURNS, ... MARKED CONGESTION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF PHARYNX, VOCAL CORDS & TRACHEA, ... STENOSIS OF LARYNX, TRACHEA & UPPER BRONCHI ... .

A CORROSIVE IRRITANT TO SKIN, EYES, & MUCOUS MEMBRANES.

A cross-sectional survey of respiratory disease among 209 titanium metal production workers /was conducted/. Work in areas where there was exposure to titanium tetrachloride & titanium dioxide particulates was associated with reductions in ventilatory capacity. Pleural disease (plaques & diffuse thickening) was present in the chest radiographs of 17% of the subjects & was associated with the duration of work in titanium manufacturing. It was also associated with past asbestos exposure. After control for asbestos exposure, it remained associated with titanium manufacturing. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that titanium tetrachloride & titanium dioxide particulates may be associated with a reduction in ventilatory capacity & that the overall process of titanium manufacturing may be associated with unexpected pleural disease.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... INJECTIONS OF HYDROLIZED TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE INTO PERITONEAL CAVITIES OF GUINEA PIGS TO DETERMINE WHETHER LESIONS WERE PROGRESSIVE, AS IN SILICOSIS, REVEALED ONLY TISSUE REACTION CHARACTERISTICALLY PRODUCED BY INERT DUSTS.

... RATS EXPOSED TO HEAVY CONCN OF FUMES OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE DEVELOPED WHITE CORNEAS ... .

RATS & HAMSTERS WERE EXPOSED FOR 1 HR TO REACTANT PRODUCTS OF AEROSOLIZED TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE & AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE. GROUPS OF EACH SPECIE & SEX WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY ANESTHETIZED (POINT 1) OR MAINTAINED FOR 30 DAYS (POINT 2). THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BIOLOGICALLY IN ANY OF COMPLETE BLOOD COUNTS OR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (SMAC-20) PROFILE VALUES FOR EXPOSED VERSUS CONTROL GROUPS AT POINT 1 OR POINT 2. ONE OF 30 EXPOSED MALE HAMSTERS (3%) AT POINT 2 DEVELOPED MULTIPLE MICROGRANULOMAS OF LUNG.

The effect of liquid titanium tetrachloride on the skin is even more damaging. Two applications made daily on each of three successive days to a clipped area of the skin of albino guinea pigs resulted in the destruction of the outer layers of the skin comparable to a second-degree thermal burn.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical: Titanium chloride (TiCl4)

Hazard Traits - Dermatotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA TACs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Titanium chloride (TiCl4) (T-4)- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Titanium chloride (TiCl4) (T-4)- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 04-08-2014 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10071；Status: Active Update: 06-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15171；Status: Active Update: 29-05-2012 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/6022；Status: Active Update: 29-05-2012 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/6475

Titanium (IV) chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Titanium tetrachloride is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Titanium tetrachloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Titanium tetrachloride

1.00

2,500

13.33

45

A Commercial Grade

It has been postulated that harmful effects of titanium tetrachloride are due to its extremely vigorous reaction with water in any form (perspiration on the skin, tears, moisture in the air) resulting in liberation of large quantities of heat. The mechanism of injury is thought to involve a thermal burn, which then exposes the deeper tissue layers to other titanium tetrachloride hydrolysis products such as hydrochloric acid, resulting in even more severe & deeper burns. In other words, the extremely serious effects observed following exposure to titanium tetrachloride are the result of combined thermal & acid burns.

One possible explanation for the more severe effects seen from exposure to titanium tetrachloride compared with hydrochloric acid is that hydrochloric acid, because of its high solubility, is dissolved in the moisture of the nasopharynx & trachea & thus penetrates the lungs to only a very limited extent. However, hydrolysis products, titanium oxide hydrate, is a particulate that can absorb some of the hydrochloric acid vapors that are also generated during hydrolysis & carry them into the deeper parts of the lungs. Also, in the lungs, the partially hydrolyzed titanium tetrachloride can be further hydrolyzed with release of hydrochloric acid, resulting ultimately in hydrochloric acid being carried deeper into the lung & to the alveoli.

... Particles (presumably of titanium dioxide) were detected in the liver & spleen from rats exposed to 10 mg/cu m titanium tetrachloride aerosol 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 2 yr suggesting that absorption of titanium occurred. It is well known, however, that particles are swallowed after being expelled from the respiratory tract by mucocilliary clearance.

... In a case report of chronic inhalation exposure to titanium dioxide, which is one of the titanium tetrachloride hydrolysis products, particles similar to titanium dioxide were found in lysosomes of phagocytes within the alveolar lumen. Spectrometric & spectrographic analysis showed accumulation of titanium dioxide in the lungs. Analysis of tissues from one worker who drowned 4 months after stopping work showed that titanium was also present in the lymph nodes adjacent to the lung. No titanium was found in the tissue specimens for brain, thyroid gland, myocardium, spleen, liver, kidneys, & nerve ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. These results suggest that titanium selectively accumulates in the lung & adjacent lymph nodes ... .

Titanium tetrachloride is used as an intermediate in the production of titanium metal, titanium dioxide, and titanium pigments, in the manufacture of iridescent glass and artificial pearls, as a polymerization catalyst, and to produce smoke screens. Titanium tetrachloride was formerly used with potassium bitartrate as mordant in the textile industry and with dyewoods in dyeing leather.

Used to manufacture titanium-containing compounds; used as white pigments in paints; [ATSDR ToxFAQs] Used in chemical vapor deposition to apply coatings to metals and other materials with high melting points--the process involves bubbling hydrogen and nitrogen though a bath of titanium tetrachloride or vanadium tetrachloride. [Scand J Work Environ Health 1991;17:369-79] Used in dyeing textiles and leather (mordant), making glass, and in smoke screens; [AIHA]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]；Leather Tanning and Processing [Category: Industry]；Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]；Toxic Gas from Spilling Chemical in Water [Category: Other]；Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Pure titanium and titanium salts; irridescent effects in glass; smoke screens; titanium pigments; polymerization catalyst.

Formerly used with potassium bitartrate as mordant in textile industry, & with dyewoods in dyeing leather; also as smoke-producing screen with ammonia; manufacture iridescent glass & artificial pearls.

As an intermediate in the production of titanium metal & titanium pigments, & also as a component & catalyst in the chemical industry.

2023: 4,000,000,000 - <5,500,000,000 lb；2022: 4,000,000,000 - <5,500,000,000 lb；2021: 5,500,000,000 - <7,000,000,000 lb；2020: 4,000,000,000 - <5,500,000,000 lb

(1972) AT LEAST 5.67X10+9 G (CAPTIVE-EST)

(1975) AT LEAST 9.5X10+9 G (CAPTIVE-EST)

By heating titanium dioxide or ores and carbon to redness in a current of chlorine.

Rutile/titanium slag/anatase + chlorine + sponge coke, calcined (chloride process)

Machinery Manufacturing；Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing；Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing；Primary Metal Manufacturing；All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Titanium chloride (TiCl4) (T-4)-: ACTIVE