황산동

2.284 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

2.286 @ 15.6 °C/4 °C

2.3 g/cm³

2.29 @ 15.6°C

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

31.6 g/100 cc water @ 0 °C, 203.3 g/100 cc @ 100 °C

1 g in about 500 ml alcohol

In water: 148 g/kg @ 0 °C; 230.5 gkg @ 25 °C; 335 g/kg @ 50 °C; 736 g/kg @ 100 °C

Practically insol in most organic solvents.

For more Solubility (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1207 °F at 760 mmHg (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

DECOMP ABOVE 150 °C WITH -5H2O

DECOMP ABOVE 150 °C (BOILING POINT) WITH -5H2O /SPR: TO ANHYDROUS SALT/

DECOMP ABOVE 110 °C (MELTING POINT) WITH -4H2O /SRP: TO MONOHYDRATE SALT/

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides/.

110 °C

297 °F (dehydrates) (NTP, 1992)

Decomp above 110 °C

Copper sulfate pentahydrate appears as blue crystalline granules or powder. Melting point 110 °C (with decomposition). Non-combustible. Nauseating metallic taste. Odorless. White when dehydrated. (NTP, 1992)

Dry Powder; CBI; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

BLUE SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P305+P354+P338, P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 80.5% (2009 of 2497) of all reports.

Warning

H302 (18%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

Chemical: Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate

Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Copper sulphate, pentahydrate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Literature sources indicate that this compound is nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. See Chemical dangers

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Ingestion can cause severe gastroenteric distress (vomiting, pain, localized corrosion, and hemorrhages), prostration, anuria, hematuria, anemia, increased number of white blood cells, icterus, coma, respiratory difficulty and circulatory failure. It can also cause nausea, metallic taste, sweating, headache, burning sensation in the esophagus and stomach, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic gastritis, weak pulse, melena, conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, hypotension and turbidity. Other symptoms may include watery and bloody stools, burning in the mouth and throat, liver damage with jaundice, hemolysis, tenesmus, retching, collapse and convulsions. Uremia, shock and renal failure have been reported. Skin contact can cause smarting and first degree burns on short exposure. Prolonged exposure can result in second degree burns. Persons with preexisting Wilson's disease may be more susceptible to these effects.

Trace minerals added to animal feeds. These substances added to animal feeds as nutritional dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe when added are levels consistent with good feeding practice. Element: Copper; Source compound: copper sulfate. (All substances listed may be in anhydrous or hydrated form.)

COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE can be dehydrated by heating. Serves as a weak oxidizing agent. Causes hydroxylamine to ignite. Gains water readily. The hydrated salt is vigorously reduced by hydroxylamine [Mellor 8:292(1946-1947)]. Both forms are incompatible with finely powdered metals. Both are incompatible with magnesium, corrode steel and iron, may react with alkalis, phosphates, acetylene gas, hydrazine, or nitromethane, and may react with beta-naphthol, propylene glycol, sulphathiazole and triethanolamine if the pH exceeds 7 (NTP, 1992). Both act as acidic salts, corrode metals and irritate tissues.

The solution in water is a weak acid. Decomposes on heating. This produces toxic fumes of sulfur oxides (see ICSC 0074). Reacts violently with hydroxylamine. This generates fire hazard. Reacts with acetylene and potassium chlorate. This generates explosion hazard. Reacts with magnesium powder. This produces flammable/explosive gas (hydrogen - see ICSC 0001). Attacks some metals in the presence of water.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Environmental concerns - land spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Cupric sulfate/

Environmental concerns - water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Cupric sulfate/

Add slowly to a large container of water. Stir in slight excess of soda ash. Let stand for 24 hr. Decant or siphon into another container & neutralize with 6 molar hydrochloric acid before washing down drain with large excess of water. The sludge may be added to landfill.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Add slowly to a large container of water. Stir in slight excess of soda ash. Let stand for 24 hr. Decant or siphon into another container and neutralize with 6 M HCl before washing down drain with large excess of water. The sludge may be added to landfill. Recommendable methods: Precipitation, solidification, & landfill. Peer-review: Precipitate with calcium hydroxide. Dilute supernatant and discharge to sewer. Copper can be recovered by cation exchange. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, protective gloves, protective clothing and safety goggles. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Cupric sulfate/

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources & sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /Cupric sulfate/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

The milk of female vineyard workers, who were exposed to copper sulfate and a variety of other pesticides, contained 6.2 times as much copper as the milk of milkmaids who did equally hard work but not exposed to pesticides. Placentas from the vineyard workers contained 4.7 times more copper than those from milkmaids. ... Copper ... occurs in all tissues. ... The concn in blood, muscle, and most of the viscera range from 0.85 to 1.90 ppm. Values for plasma lie in the narrow range of 1.16 to 1.42 ppm. The concn in the brain (2.2 to 6.8 ppm), liver (7.1 ppm in adults and 24 ppm in infants), and bone (3.7 to 4.7 ppm in rib and 6.8 ppm in long bones) are higher.

MAY CAUSE DRAMATIC INCR IN MORTALITY OF TURKEYS GIVEN BLACKHEAD CONTROL DRUGS CONTAINING ARSENIC & EXPOSED TO BLACKHEAD.

COPPER SULFATE POTENTIATED IRRITANT RESPONSE TO SULFUR DIOXIDE IN GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED 1 HR TO AEROSOL.

IP INJECTION OF 5-10 MG/KG COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE & 25-90 MG/KG ETHYLNITROSOUREA INTO RATS CAUSED LOCAL ASCITES SARCOMAS AFTER 190 DAYS. INJECTION OF THE LATTER ALONE OR METAL SALTS ALONE HAD NO CARCINOGENIC EFFECT. SC ADMIN OF 10 MG/KG/WK ETHYLNITROSOUREA WITH 1 MG/KG COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE INDUCED LOCAL SARCOMAS IN 4 OF 24 ANIMALS TESTED.

LC50 LEPOMIS MACHOCHIRUS (BLUEGILL), WT 1.5 G, 884 UG/L @ 18 °C, STATIC BIOASSAY (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 707-1,100 UG/L) /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 100% (ABOUT 25% ELEMENTAL COPPER)/

LC50 LEPOMIS CYANELLUS (GREEN SUNFISH), WT 1.1 G, 3,510 UG/L @ 18 °C, STATIC BIOASSAY (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 2,570-4,800 UG/L) /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 100% (ABOUT 25% ELEMENTAL COPPER)/

LC50 PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (FATHEAD MINNOW), WT 1.2 G, 838 UG/L @ 18 °C (272 PPM CACO3), STATIC BIOASSAY (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 623-1,000 UG/L) /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 100% (ABOUT 25% ELEMENTAL COPPER)/

LC50 CARASSIUS AURATUS (GOLDFISH), WT 0.9 G, 1,380 UG/L @ 18 °C (272 PPM CACO3), STATIC BIOASSAY (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 989-1,930 UG/L) /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 100% (ABOUT 25% ELEMENTAL COPPER)/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IT IS MORE PROBABLE THAT CONTAMINATION PERSISTS FOR LONGER THAN IS GENERALLY THOUGHT POSSIBLE; AFTER 5 MO, GRASS, WHICH HAD BEEN SPRAYED WITH COPPER SULFATE AS A MOLLUSCICIDE IN LIVER FLUKE CONTROL, STILL CONTAINED 200 PPM OF COPPER.

Absorbed by alga. Low foliar absorption on other vegetation. ... Both foliar & soil absorbed copper ions are translocated throughout the plant. Plant roots exclude the absorption of excess copper levels.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Shock or collapse.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=7758-99-8]

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

A report of 11 patients who had ingested an estimated 1 to 50 g of copper sulfate: they suffered nausea & vomiting, with epigastric pain in 5, diarrhea in 5, hypotension in 2, hematemesis or melena in 10, pallor in 10, jaundice in 8, delirium in 3, & coma in 2. All had intravascular hemolysis & developed oliguria or anuria. Five patients died despite gastric lavage, intravenous fluids, mannitol, diuretics, and dialysis. /Copper sulfate/

... COPPER SULFATE, KNOWN AS BLUESTONE OR BLUE VITRIOL, /WHEN USED WITH MISGUIDED OR SUICIDAL INTENT/ IS GENERALLY INGESTED IN GRAM QUANTITIES. NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, SWEATING, RARELY CONVULSIONS, COMA, & DEATH MAY RESULT.

A ... NUMBER OF CASES OF ACUTE POISONING IN MAN FROM INGESTING COPPER SULFATE, SOME OF THEM FATAL, HAVE BEEN REPORTED ... FROM NEW DELHI ... THE REPORT CONCERNS 48 HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS & 5 AUTOPSY CASES, 2/3 MALE, MOSTLY BETWEEN THE AGES OF 16 & 25 YR. DOSAGE ESTIMATES RANGED FROM 1 TO 12 G ... SWALLOWED IN WATER. SYMPTOMS ... WERE ... METALLIC TASTE, BURNING IN EPIGASTRIUM, & REPEATED VOMITING. IN MORE SEVERE CASES, DIARRHEA (14 PATIENTS) APPEARED ON THE FIRST OR SECOND DAY & LASTED 24 HR; 20 ... SHOWED BLOOD IN GI TRACT FROM INJURY TO GASTRIC MUCOSA, LEADING TO ULCERATION IN SEVERE CASES. SUPPRESSION OF URINE FOLLOWED JAUNDICE ... LIVER BIOPSY SHOWED CENTRILOBULAR NECROSIS & BILIARY STASIS. HYPERTENSION LEADING TO SHOCK ... CONSIDERED A BAD PROGNOSTIC SIGN: 3 OF 4 DIED. COMA DEVELOPED IN 4, PRESUMABLY DUE TO UREMIA FROM RENAL INJURY, & DEATHS OCCURRED IN 7 (14.6%). /COPPER SULFATE/

A CHILD, IN WHOM COPPER SULFATE CRYSTALS WERE APPLIED THERAPEUTICALLY TO SEVERELY BURNED SKIN SEVEN TIMES DURING NINE WK, DEVELOPED SEVERE ANEMIA. AFTER LAST TREATMENT, HEMOLYTIC CRISIS WITH ICTERUS TOOK PLACE. HIGH LEVELS OF COPPER IN SERUM & URINE ... INDICATED THAT ABSORPTION ... FROM THE WOUND DRESSING WAS RESPONSIBLE. /COPPER SULFATE/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Trace minerals added to animal feeds. These substances added to animal feeds as nutritional dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe when added are levels consistent with good feeding practice. Element: Copper; Source compound: copper sulfate. (All substances listed may be in anhydrous or hydrated form.)

HUMAN RBC INCUBATED WITH COPPER SULFATE WERE TESTED FOR OSMOTIC FRAGILITY, DEFORMABILITY, & ELECTROPHORETIC PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS. COPPER TREATMENT OXIDIZED THE -SH OF THE MEMBRANE PROTEINS TO FORM INTERMOLECULAR DISULFIDE BONDS, CAUSING A REDUCTION IN MEMBRANE FLEXIBILITY. /COPPER SULFATE/

COPPER SULFATE INJECTED IP AT 2 MG COPPER/KG INTO VITAMIN E & SELENIUM DEFICIENT RATS CAUSED A 6 FOLD INCREASE IN THE FORMATION OF THE LIPID PEROXIDATION PRODUCT ETHANE, & CAUSED ACUTE MORTALITY IN 4/5 RATS. SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE DIET AT 0.5 PPM SELENIUM PREVENTED THE INCREASE IN ETHANE PRODUCTION CAUSED BY COPPER INJECTION & REDUCED MORTALITY TO 1/5 RATS. THE CORRELATION OF INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ETHANE WITH INCREASED MORTALITY SUGGESTED THAT LIPID PEROXIDATION MAY BE IMPORTANT IN THE INCREASED TOXICITY OF COPPER IN VITAMIN E & SELENIUM DEFICIENT RATS. /COPPER SULFATE/

For Copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 024401) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

COMPONENT OF FEHLING'S SOLN, TO EST REDUCING SUGAR IN URINE.

As agricultural fungicide, algicide, bactericide, herbicide; food and fertilizer additive; in insecticide mixtures; in the manufacture of other copper salts; as mordant in textile dying; in preparation of azo dyes; in preserving hides; in tanning leather; in preserving wood; in electroplating soln.; as battery electrolyte; in laundry and metal-marking inks; in petroleum refining; as flotation agent; pigment in paints, varnishes and other materials; in mordant baths for intensifying photographic negatives; in pyrotechnic compositions; in water-resistant adhesives for wood; in metal coloring and tinting baths; in antirusting compositions for radiator and heating systems; as reagent toner in photography and photoengraving; etc.

Therap Cat: Antidote to phosphorus; antifungal (topical)

For more Uses (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1978) 3.4X10+9 G

(1982) 1.5X10+9 G

2023: 100,000 - <250,000 lb

(1978) 3.2X10+10 G

(1982) 3.2X10+10 G

Production (1998): 44,000 metric tons /Copper sulfate/

Action of dilute sulfuric acid on copper or copper oxide (often as oxide ores) in large quantities, with evaporation and crystallization.

Commercial prepn of pentahydrate: Faith et al, Industrial Chemicals (John Wiley, NY, 3rd ed, 1965) p288; other prepn: Gmelin's Copper (8th ed) 60B: 491-560 (1958).

Copper + sulphuric acid (salt formation); byproduct of copper electrolysis and etching process (product is generally only suitable for agricultural purposes)

Prepared most easily by the reaction of basic copper(II) compound with a sulfuric acid solution (100-200 g/l sulfuric acid); and copper metal, sulfuric acid and air the most common starting materials for the production of copper sulfate pentahydrate.

Copper(II) sulfate can be prepared by dissolution of oxides, carbonates, or hydroxides in sulfuric acid solutions. Whereas copper metal does not displace hydrogen from acid solution, aeration or oxygenation of hot dilute aqueous sulfuric acid in the presence of copper metal is a commonly used commercial method for copper sulfate preparation.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 024401; Trade Names: Blue copperas; Blue vitriol; triangle; Hi-chel; Roman vitrol; and Blue copper AS.

FOR MOST PURPOSES GRANULATED PRODUCT, SO-CALLED "SNOW" BLUESTONE ... PREFERRED. MOST STD REQUIRE A CONTENT OF 98% COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE.

Grades: Technical; CP; NF; also sold as monohydrate. Available in crystals or powder

Formulation types: Crystals; WP; SC. Mixtures (copper sulfate+) cymoxanil; cymoxanil+mancozeb; folpet; mancozeb; maneb; sulfur; zineb; copper oxychloride + cymoxanil + mancozeb; copper oxychloride + folpet + oxadixyl; copper oxychloride + mancozeb + oxadixyl; copper carbonate (basic) + copper oxychloride+mancozeb.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing

INCOMPATIBILITIES: COPPER ION IS PRECIPITATED AS COPPER HYDROXIDE BY ALKALI HYDROXIDES. PRECIPITATE IS RETARDED BY ... CITRATES, TARTRATES, SALICYLATES, GLYCERIN, & SUGAR. AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE GIVES PRECIPITATE ... ALKALI CARBONATES, PHOSPHATES, BORAX, & TANNIC ACID CAUSE PRECIPITATION. SOL IODIDES REDUCE CUPRIC ION TO CUPROUS.

POSSIBLE INCOMPATIBILITIES: EFFECTIVENESS DECR AS WATER HARDNESS INCR. SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN EFFECTIVENESS OCCURS WHEN BICARBONATE ALKALINITY EXCEEDS 150 PPM AS CALCIUM CARBONATE. CONVERSELY, TOXICITY TO FISH DECR AS ALKALINITY INCREASES.

FDA ... REJECTED FEED COMPANY'S APPLICATION TO INCL DRUG IN SWINE FEEDS AT 250 PPM LEVEL ... BECAUSE ITS FULL IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT OVER PERIOD OF TIME BY WAY OF FECAL WASTES, RECYCLING, ETC HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED. ... AVOID MANURE APPLICATION TO FROZEN GROUND WHERE RUNOFF COULD BE SERIOUS POLLUTION POTENTIAL TO STREAMS.

IN CAPSULES LESS TOXIC THAN IN WATER DRENCH FOR CATTLE.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.