다이플루오르화 주석

2.79 (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.57 @ 25 °C

4.57 g/cm³

Monoclinic, lamellar plates

White, monoclinic crystalline powder

30-39% in water at 20 °C

Practically insol in ethanol, ether and chloroform

72-82% in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride at 20 °C

In water: 31 g/100g at 0 °C; 78.5 g/100g at 106 °C

Soluble in potassium hydroxide and fluorides.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 30

1052 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

850 °C

850 °C

Decomposes in hot water.

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of F- /flourides/.

419 °F (USCG, 1999)

213 °C

213 °C

Stannous fluoride is a white crystalline solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

Dry Powder

White lustrous solid; [Hawley] White odorless crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 34.6% (36 of 104) of reports.

Danger

H290 (11.5%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P363, P390, P391, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 104 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Tin fluoride, (SnF2)

Tin fluoride (SnF2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Tin fluoride (SnF2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 02-04-2019 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17354

Tin fluoride (SnF2): Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Forms oxyfluoride (SnOF2) on contact with air; [Merck Index] A strong skin and tissue irritant; [Hawley] An eye irritant; May cause fluorosis; [ICSC] A strong reducing agent; A severe eye irritant; [CAMEO] A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Inhalation may cause chemical pneumonitis; [MSDSonline] See FLUORIDES.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Fluorides in urine = 2 mg/L prior to shift or 3 mg/L at end of shift; (Repeated measurements recommended.)

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as F[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Wherever possible, safer substitutes should be used in the place of alkyltin compounds. When it is necessary to make and use them ... /handling should be done in/ enclosed systems ... /equipped with/ exhaust ventilation. Engineering control should ensure that exposure limits are not exceeded. Personal protective equipment should be worn, & in appropriate circumstances respiratory protection should be used. Emergency showers should be installed ... to allow workers to wash immediately after splashes. /Organotin compounds/

SRP: The scientific literature supports the wearing of contact lenses in industrial environments, as part of a program to protect the eye against chemical compounds and minerals causing eye irritation. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases contact lenses should not be worn.

Eating, smoking, and food preparation or dispensing (including vending machines) shall be prohibited where organotin compounds are being used. /Organotin compounds/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for STANNOUS FLUORIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L308) ; inhalation (L308) ; dermal (L308)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation. (L308)

At concn present in commercial dentifrice formulations (about 1 mg fluoride per g), neither fluoride nor tin presents an appreciable toxic hazard on an acute or chronic basis.

A 5 MINUTE APPLICATION OF 8% STANNOUS FLUORIDE TO DEEP CAVITIES IN HUMAN TEETH COULD PRODUCE LOCAL NECROSIS AND MODERATE INFLAMMATION OF THE PULP ADJACENT TO THE CAVITY FLOOR. NO SUCH EFFECTS WERE OBTAINED AFTER A 30 SECOND APPLICATION.

STAINING OR PIGMENTATION ... OF TEETH RESULTING FROM TOPICAL APPLICATION OF CONCN SOLN OR GELS OF STANNOUS FLUORIDE HAS BEEN REPORTED ESPECIALLY IN PATIENTS WITH POOR ORAL HYGIENE. THE PIGMENTATION WHICH IS PROBABLY STANNOUS SULFIDE, IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A CARIOUS LESION OR A HYPOCALCIFIED AREA OF THE ENAMEL, OR WITH PLAQUE. ...

Symptoms of acute fluoride overdosage include hypersalivation, a salty or soapy taste, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, burning or crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration, thirst, localized or generalized urticaria, muscle weakness, tremors, and, rarely, transient epileptiform seizures. Shock may occur and is characterized by pallor, weak and thready pulse which may be irregular, wet cold skin, dilated pupils, cyanosis, shallow unlabored respiration, and weak heart sounds. Death may result from cardiac failure, respiratory arrest, or shock and usually occurs within 2-4 hr following ingestion; if a victim survives the first 24 hr, the prognosis is good. When death is delayed, paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, carpopedal spasm, and spasm of the extremities may occur. /Fluorides/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for STANNOUS FLUORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ADMIN OF 20 PPM FLUORIDE AS STANNOUS FLUORIDE OR SODIUM FLUORIDE IN DRINKING WATER TO RATS CAUSED AMELOBLASTS OF INCISORS AFTER 6 MO. CHANGES WERE MORE LOCALIZED & LESS SEVERE FROM STANNOUS FLUORIDE THAN FROM SODIUM FLUORIDE.

DERMAL EFFECTS FROM SOLUBLE ... STANNOUS FLUORIDE AND TIN DICHLORIDE IN SKIN SCRATCHES IN UPPER EPIDERMIS IN RABBITS PRODUCED DESTRUCTIVE REACTION WITH INTRAEPIDERMAL POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE PUSTULES OCCURRING ON EACH SIDE OF SCRATCH WHEN SCRATCHES WERE COVERED FOR 18 HR. TIN FLUORIDE WAS DESTRUCTIVE AT LOWER CONCN (0.25%) THAN TIN DICHLORIDE (1.0%). ... SUGGESTED THAT THESE TIN SALTS MAY INTERFERE WITH ENZYMES OF BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF IMFLAMMATION.

SINGLE IP INJECTIONS OF 0.5 MMOL FLUORIDE/KG AND REPEATED IP INJECTIONS OF 0.25 MMOL FLUORIDE AS STANNOUS FLUORIDE CAUSE KIDNEY TUBULAR LESIONS DEMONSTRATED BY INCR URINE GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE. INCR DIURESIS & PHOSPHATURIA & DECR NATRIURIA & KALIURIA WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN MALE RATS.

... A SIGNIFICANT ENHANCEMENT IN THE FREQUENCY OF SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE LETHALS /OCCURRED IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER/ AFTER TREATMENT WITH ... 25% STANNOUS FLUORIDE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for STANNOUS FLUORIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The IARC Working Group concluded that fluorides (inorganic, used in drinking-water) (Group 3) are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans. /Stannous fluoride was reviewed by the IARC Working Group. Data for it are published in the IARC Monograph on Inorganic Fluorides, Volume 27. No evaluation of the carcinogenicity for stannous fluoride is given./

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W. Use lactated Ringer's to support vital signs if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluids cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

QA - Alimentary tract and metabolism

Stannous fluoride has been shown to manage and prevent dental caries and gingivitis by promoting enamel mineralization, reducing gingival inflammation and bleeding, its potential broad-spectrum antibiotic effect, and through modulation of the microbial composition of the dental biofilm. It works by depositing a stable acid-resistant layer on the tooth surfaces which is composed of calcium fluoride produced when stannous fluoride converts the calcium mineral apatite into fluorapatite. Tin and fluoride mediate anti-erosive actions by interacting with and modifying the absorbent layer composed of salivary proteins such as mucins, perhaps by enhancing the cross-linking between the proteins to result in a more resistant and protective layer against erosion. The efficacy of stannous fluoride solutions seems to depend mainly on the incorporation of tin in the mineralized dentine when the organic portion is preserved but on surface precipitation when the organic portion is continuously digested. Moreover, the relative erosion-inhibiting effects of stannous fluoride strongly depend on the presence or absence of the demineralized organic dentine matrix.

DENTAL STUDENTS RINSED FOR 4 DAYS WITH 0.2% AQ SOLN STANNOUS FLUORIDE OR STANNIC TETRACHLORIDE & IN ADDITION 15% SUCROSE TO ENHANCE PLAQUE FORMATION. TIN(2+) SHOWED MARKED INHIBITING ACTIVITY WHEREAS THE TIN(4+) SHOWED ONLY SLIGHT EFFECT. THE TIN(2+) ION ALSO REDUCED THE ACIDOGENICITY OF THE DENTAL PLAQUE WHEREAS THE TIN(4+) SHOWED NO EFFECT. TIN(2+) REDUCES METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF PLAQUE BY OXIDIZING THIOL GROUPS BY AFFINITY FOR THEM. THIS IS NOT THE CASE FOR TIN(4+).

/STANNOUS FLUORIDE/ ... ALTERS THE COMPOSITION & CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF THE HYDROXYAPATITE-LIKE SALTS THAT MAKE UP THE BULK OF ENAMEL, ESPECIALLY, & DENTIN, SO THAT THE TOOTH MATERIAL IS MORE RESISTANT TO ACIDIC EROSION & DENTAL CARIES (DECAY).

When stannous fluoride is applied topically to teeth, a highly adherent surface coating composed mainly of tin phosphate and smaller amounts of calcium fluoride and a tin hydroxyorthophosphate is formed on enamel.

IN A STANDARDIZED RABBIT MODEL, YELLOW GOLDEN STAIN FORMED ON TOOTH SURFACES DURING USE OF STANNOUS FLUORIDE IS DUE TO ITS LOW PH WHICH CAUSES DENATURATION OF PELLICLE PROTEIN WITH EXPOSURE TO SULFHYDRYL GROUPS, WHICH FORM STANNIC SULFIDES THROUGH REACTIONS WITH TIN(2+).

The half-life for the decay of the salivary elimination rate constant was 13 min.

THE FATE OF (113)TIN HAS BEEN EVALUATED IN THE RAT FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF (113)TIN(II) AND (113)TIN(IV). ... THE BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF THE TIN IN BONES WAS CALCULATED TO BE 20 TO 40 DAYS.

Though tin metal is very poorly absorbed, tin compounds may be absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes, with organotin compounds being much more readily absorbed than inorganic tin compounds. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. (L308)

Tin is retained in the demineralized organic matrix to some extent, diffuses through the phosphorylated non-collagenous proteins in the dentine called phosphophoryn and accumulates in the underlying mineralized tissue.

Materials introduced into the oral cavity can be eliminated by salivary washout and swallowing, absorption through oral surfaces, or degradation.

Stannous fluoride is cleared from saliva rapidly but very well retained in gingival plaque for a prolonged period of time.

Stimulated and nonstimulated salivary elimination microrate constants in this case would be ∼1 and 0.5 min^−1, respectively.

Fluoride ion is rapidly & extensively absorbed from the gut. In rats, absorption of sodium fluoride ... & stannous fluoride is similar.

Fluoride is transported in the blood in the free rather than the protein-bound form; it is distributed rapidly throughout all soft tissues but is not accumulated. /Fluoride ion/

Used in toothpastes and other dental preparations for preventing demineralization and caries of teeth; [HSDB]

Dental caries prophylactic

Principal commercial use is in toothpaste formulations and other dental preparations, e.g., topical solutions, mouthwash, chewing gum, etc. for preventing demineralization of teeth.

Tin(II) fluoride is a common ingredient in toothpaste, where it converts apatite into fluorapatite, which is more resistant to attack by acids generated by bacteria. (L320)

... 0.2% insoluble substances and 50 mg/kg of antimony /in USP grade/.

Grades of purity: 97.5%

... by evaporating a soln of stannous oxide in hydrofluoric acid in absence of oxygen: Gay-Lussac, Thenard, Mem Phys Chem 2, 317 (1809); Nebergall et al, J Am Chem Soc 74, 1604 (1952); from tin and hydrogen fluoride: Muetterties, Inorg Chem 1, 342 (1962).

Commercially produced by the reaction of stannous oxide and aqueous HF or by dissolving tin in anhydrous or aqueous HF.

Grade: NF (National Formulary)

STANNOUS FLUORIDE IS AVAILABLE ... AS A USP GRADE CONTAINING A MIN OF 71.2% STANNOUS TIN AND 22.3-25.5% FLUORIDE ON AN ANHYDROUS BASIS, AND A MAX OF 0.5% WEIGHT LOSS ON DRYING, 0.2% INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES AND 50 MG/KG ANTIMONY.

Stannous fluoride for oral topical use comes in the following 0.4% (0.1% fluoride ion) gels: EASYgel (with glycerin), Du-More; Gel-Kam (with glycerin), Scherer; Gel-Tin (with glycerin), Young Dental; Omnii-Gel (with glycerin), Dunhall; Stop Home Treatment 0.4% (with glycerin). A 30% (7.2% fluoride ion) solution is available as Oral-B rinsing solution, concentrate.

-4 mesh, 99.9% purity grades.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for STANNOUS FLUORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing

Tin fluoride (SnF2): ACTIVE

Stannous fluoride is provisionally allowed for use in oral hygiene products in the European Communities, provided that, when mixed with other permitted fluorine cmpd, the total fluoride concn does not exceed 0.15%.

STANNOUS FLUORIDE WAS THE ANTICARIES AGENT IN THE FIRST FLUORIDE TOOTHPASTE MARKETED IN THE USA IN THE 1950'S ... .