황산니켈, 헥사히드레이트

Metals -> Nickel Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

3.68 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.01 g/cu cm

Density: 2.03 g/cu cm /Hexahydrate/

3.7 g/cm³

4.01 @25 °C

Green-yellow crystals

Pale green

27.3 to 27.7 % weight % at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

VERY SOL IN AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE /HEXAHYDRATE/

29.3 G/100 CC WATER @ 0 °C

83.7 G/100 CC WATER @ 100 °C

INSOL IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, ACETONE

0.11% WT IN METHANOL @ 35 °C

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

103 °C @760 [mm Hg]

When heated to decomp it emits very toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides/.

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released ... in the decomp of nickel cmpd. /Nickel & sol nickel cmpd/

848 °C. This produces toxic fumes of sulfur trioxide and nickel monoxide. See ICSC 0926. See ICSC 1202. Reacts with oxidants. This generates fire and explosion hazard. The solution in water is a weak acid.

1558 °F (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes @ 840 °C

No melting point; decomposes at 848 °C

Anhydrous nickel sulfate is a yellow-green crystalline solid. Nickel sulfate can also be obtained as a hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O (CAS: 10101-97-0) which is blue to emerald green, and as a heptahydrate (NiSO4.7H2O) (CAS: 10101-98-1) , which is green. Samples can contain variable quantities of water, depending on their previous exposure to moisture or conditions. All forms are mildly toxic and are carcinogenic. All are denser than water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Used to make other nickel compounds, in printing, and in dyeing of textiles.

Large Crystals; Dry Powder; Other Solid; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

Pale green to yellow solid; [Merck Index] Blue-green odorless crystals; Soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

YELLOW-TO-GREEN CRYSTALS.

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H302 (96%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1)

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Reproductive Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 25-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15304

Restricted substance: Nickel sulphate

Nickel (II) sulfate: HSNO Approval: HSR003932 Approved with controls

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May cause skin sensitization and asthma after prolonged contact; May cause inflammation and ulceration of the nasal sinuses; [ICSC] Danger of skin and airway sensitization; [MAK] An irritant; May cause skin and respiratory sensitization after prolonged contact; [MSDSonline] See Nickel and linked occupational diseases.

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.1 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Nickl soluble compounds, as Ni/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Nickel, soluble cmpd, as Ni/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Nickel sulfate is included on this list.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Environmental considerations-Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations-Water spill: Add soda ash. Adjust pH to neutral (pH 7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The hamster embryo cell bioassay was used to study the effect of metal salts on morphological transformation. A synergistic enhancement of the transformation frequency was found for the combined treatment with organic carcinogens (benzo(a)pyrene (b(a)p), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) and nickel sulfate. The synergistic effect between b(a)p and nickel sulfate was apparent when the cells were treated sequentially with the chemicals. When the cells were first exposed to b(a)p, nickel sulfate showed a promotion-like effect, similar to that obtained with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (12-O-tpa). When 12-O-tpa or b(a)p were used as promoters nickel sulfate was able to initiate morphological transformation. The metal salts are more potent as promoters than they are as initiators in this assay.

The effect of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment on the DNA synthesis response of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes from nickel-allergic patients, activated by mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate was tested. Inhibition was found with 1.1 mg/ml unfractionated heparin added 1 hr after mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate and with the same concentration of the heparin fragment, added 1 hr after nickel sulfate; no effect was seen after at 72 hr. Both heparin preparations in concentrations of 0.0001-0.11 mg/ml stimulated the response to nickel sulfate and in concentrations of 0.001-0.11 mg/ml stimulated the response to mercuric chloride. Heparin preparations seem to have modulating effects on both nickel and mercury activation of lymphocytes. The effect was dependent on both heparin concentration and the time of addition to the activation process.

Synergistic effects of nickel compounds and benzo(a)pyrene on morphological transformation of SHE cells have been reported ... Treatment with nickel sulfate and benzo(a)pyrene resulted in a transformation frequency of 10.7% compared with 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively, for the individual substances ... .

In a two-stage carcinogenicity study, ... gave a single injection of dinitrosopiperazine (9 mg) to rats, followed by administration of nickel sulfate, either in the drinking-water (3.7 mg/day), or topically in the nasopharynx as a gelatin solution (0.02 ml of 0.5% NiS04). Two out of 12 rats in both groups receiving both nickel and the nitrosamine developed nasopharyngeal tumors (1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 fibrosarcoma, 1 papilloma, 1 "early carcinoma"), while none was seen in the 24 animals treated with the nitrosamine alone, or in the two groups of 12 animals treated with nickel sulfate. The same authors (abstract only) reported an "tension of the study, using topical nickel sulfate as a promoter. Five out of 22 rats given the combined treatment developed carcinomas of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, or hard palate, while these tumors were not found in the other groups ... .

Reported a study in which N-nitrosopiperazine was given to female rats on the 18th day of pregnancy, and the pups were given nickel sulfate orally. Five out of 21 pups with combined treatment, and 1 out of 4 with nitrosamine treatment only developed nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and two other pups developed other tumors.

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)

LC50 Prawn 13.9 ppm/48 hr (salt water). /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

TLm Rainbow trout 160 ppm/48 hr fresh water. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Puntius conchonius 158.4 mg/l 48 hr in 4.5 mg/l calcium carbonate (soft water). /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Puntius conchonius 397.9 mg/l 48 hr in 396.3 mg/l calcium carbonate (hard water). /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Salmo gairdneri 263 mg/l/48 hr in a static bioassay

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, by ingestion and through the skin.

Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting.

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. /Nickel sulfate hexahydrate/ [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=10101-97-0]

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Nickel sulfate (CAS # 7786-81-4) was evaluated for repeated-dose inhalation toxicity in Fischer 344/N rats (5/sex/group) administered daily whole-body exposures to target aerosol (MMAD 1.9 um) concentrations of 0, 3.5, 7.0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/cu m in air, 6 hours/day for a total of 12 days in 2 weeks. The 2-week study established exposure limits to be used in 90-day and chronic exposure studies. Exposures were associated with rapid breathing (all levels), reduced mean terminal bodyweights (all levels), lethargy (7.0 mg/cu m and above), and increased mortality (15, 30, and 60 mg/cu m). Females exposed to levels of 7.0 mg/cu m and above also exhibited significant changes in liver, lung, and thymus/brain weight ratios. Gross pathology revealed treatment-related lesions of the lung, liver, thymus, spleen, testicle, nose, and bronchial lymph nodes. A necrotizing pneumonia constituted cause of unscheduled deaths (30, 60 mg/cu m) and was present in all exposed animals at terminal sacrifice. Pulmonary lesions were primarily characterized by edema and hemorrhage. Histological examination revealed epithelial degeneration of the alveola with vacuolization and necrosis of isolated cells and hypertrophy of goblet cells; dilated and mucinous terminal airways with accumulation of alveolar macrophages and necrotic debris; and minimal mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate in the pulmonary interstitium of increasing severity with increased level of exposure. Distinct treatment-related lesions of the nose, bronchial lymph nodes, testicles, and liver, respectively, were characterized by atrophy of the olfactory epithelium (all exposure levels), atrophy with depleted splenic and thymic lymphocytes, lymphoid depletion (30 and 60 mg/cu m) or paracortical lymphocyte hyperplasia (lower exposure levels) of the bronchial lymph nodes, thinning of the germinal epithelium of testicular tubules with focal accumulation of necrotic debris and giant cells in the lumina, and hepatic atrophy with hepatocyte depletion corresponding to reduced liver weights in rats exposed to atmospheres of 7.0 mg/cu m nickel sulfate and above.

Nickel sulfate (CAS # 7786-81-4) was evaluated for dermal sensitization in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test. Ten female Hartley-derived albino guinea pigs were inducted with propylene glycol (vehicle control) or 0.1 mL intradermal injections of 1.0% (w/v) nickel sulfate in distilled water and 1.0% (w/v) nickel sulfate in Freund's Complete Adjuvant, followed 7 days later with 48-hour topical applications of 0.3 mL of a 5.0% (w/v) aqueous nickel sulfate. Challenge 2 weeks later, consisting of 0.2 mL dermal applications of 1.0% aqueous nickel sulfate (the maximal non-irritating dose in range-finding study) at virgin sites under occluded binder for 24 hours, induced universal slight to well-defined erythema in the nickel sulfate-induced pigs (mean erythema scores 1.1 and 1.0, respectively, at 24 and 48 hours post challenge). Relative to vehicle control (mean erythema score of 0.1 at 24 hours only) and based on an extension of a Mantel-Haenszel Procedure of analysis, the authors concluded that nickel sulfate caused dermal sensitization in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Nickel sulfate is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

(CA) CALIFORNIA 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 100 ug/l /Nickel/

(DE) DELAWARE 100 ug/l /Nickel/

(FL) FLORIDA 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(WI) WISCONSIN 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(AZ) ARIZONA 150 ug/l /Nickel/

(ME) MAINE 140 ug/l /Nickel/

(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/l /Nickel/

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 100 ug/l /Nickel/

The half-time for diminution of plasma nickel concn in human volunteers after oral intake of nickel sulfate is approx 11 hr.

Gave 1, 11.2, or 105.7 ug nickel sulfate/animal, by intratracheal instillation, to Fischer 344 rats ... The half-time for urinary excretion of nickel incr from 4.6 hr at the highest dose to 23 hr at the lowest dose ... The half-time for lung clearance of nickel sulfate ranged from 21 hr (highest dose) to 36 hr (lowest dose).

Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)

Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.

Nickel concentration in serum and whole blood and excretion in urine was assayed at different time intervals before and after ingestion of nickel sulfate in 8 healthy volunteers for 3 days. The peak level of nickel in blood was reached 2.5 hours after nickel ingestion, and maximal urinary excretion of nickel occured during the first 8 hours after ingestion.

Absorption of nickel sulfate from the skin has been found to occur in guinea pigs, rabbits, and rats.

The relationship between dose level of nickel sulfate and lung clearance, tissue distribution, and excretion of the metal was examined. F344N rats were given intratracheal injections of 17, 190, or 1800 nm (63)nickel labelled nickel sulfate. Tissues containing the highest concentrations of (63)nickel after 4, 24, and 96 hr were the lung, trachea, larynx, kidney, urinary bladder, adrenals, blood, large intestine, and thyroid. (63)Nickel was rapidly cleared from the lungs to the blood. Eight to 49% of the nickel sulfate remained in the lungs at 4 hr post treatment depending upon the original dose. Urine was the major form of (63)nickel excretion and accounted for 50% of the doe at the 17 and 190 nm levels and 80% at the 1800 nm level. The half time for urinary clearance was 4.6 hours at the highest dose and 23 hours at the lowest dose. Over 50% of the (63)nickel remaining 96 hours post treatment was in the lungs, and the half time for lung (63)nickel clearance ranged from 36 hr at the lowest dose to 21 hr at the highest dose. Urinary and pulmonary clearance of (63)nickel were both dose dependent.

In human volunteers who ingested nickel sulfate in the drinking water or food, at doses of between 12 and 50 ug/kg body weight (one treatment), the amt of nickel absorbed avg 27 plus or minus 17% of the dose ingested in water compared with 0.7 plus or minus 0.4% of the same dose ingested in food ... .

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used in electroplating, dyeing fabrics (mordant), and blackening zinc and brass; Also used to make other nickel compounds and in coatings and ceramics; [HSDB]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

As mordant in dyeing and printing fabrics; blackening zinc and brass; nickel-plating /Heptahydrate/

IT IS CONSUMED AS SUCH IN PLATING BATHS & ALSO AS AN INTERMEDIATE IN PRODN OF NICKEL AMMONIUM SULFATE & NICKEL CARBONATE, WHICH ARE ALSO USED IN NICKEL PLATING. IT IS USED AS AN INTERMEDIATE FOR DEPOSITING NICKEL CARBONATE ON CATALYST SUBSTANCES & AS THE PRINCIPAL INTERMEDIATE FOR MFR OF ORG NICKEL SALTS.

ELECTROLYTE FOR NICKEL ELECTROPLATING

(1978) 1.85X10+8 G

(1982) 1.02X10+9 G

NICKEL SULFATE IS PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY BY DISSOLVING NICKEL OXIDE IN SULFURIC ACID AND CONCENTRATING THE SOLN TO PRECIPITATE NICKEL SULFATE HEPTAHYDRATE, WHICH ON HEATING FORMS THE COMMERCIAL CRYSTALLINE NICKEL SULFATE HEXAHYDRATE.

ADDITION OF NICKEL POWDER TO HOT DILUTE SULFURIC ACID

By the reaction of black nickel oxide with hot dilute sulfuric acid or of dilute sulfuric acid and nickel carbonate

One possibility for the potential continuous large-scale manufacture of nickel sulfate is the reaction of nickel carbonyl, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen in the gas phase at 100 °C. Another possibility for the continuous manufacture of nickel sulfate is the gas-phase reaction of nickel carbonyl with nitric acid, recovering the solid product in sulfuric acid, and continuous removal of nickel sulfate from the acid mixture.

Grades or purity: technical; reagent

Grades: ... CP; single crystals

High-purity soln; liquid grade; ACS reagent, 6-hydrate, crystal grades

Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing

Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1): ACTIVE